Grossman & Baim’s Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography, and Intervention

Description:

The leading comprehensive reference on cardiac catheterization through eight outstanding editions, Grossman & Baim's Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography, and Intervention, Ninth Edition, continues to keep you up to date with every facet of this fast-changing field. Designed for quick access and easy reference, this text offers expert overviews of the theoretical and practical aspects of clinical issues, with emphasis given to hemodynamic data and tracings and interventional procedures. An impressive multimedia library with new videos and cases make this reference even more valuable for cardiologists and interventional cardiologists at all levels of experience.

 

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Table of Contents:

Section I General Principles

1. Cardiac Catheterization History and Current Practice Standards

INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY

INDICATIONS FOR CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

Research

Contraindications

Factors Influencing Choice of Approach

DESIGN OF THE CATHETERIZATION PROTOCOL

The Checklist

Preparation and Premedication of the Patient

Universal Protocol and Time-Out

THE CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION FACILITY

Location Within a Hospital Versus Freestanding

Outpatient Cardiac Catheterization

TRAINING STANDARDS

Physician and Laboratory Caseload

The Catheterization Laboratory Director and Quality Assurance

PERFORMING THE PROCEDURE

2. Cineangiographic Imaging, Radiation Safety, and Contrast Agents

BASIC X-RAY PHYSICS

CLINICAL MEASUREMENT OF PATIENT IRRADIATION

IMAGE FORMATION

Image Contrast

Image Noise

Image Sharpness

Scattered Radiation

OPTIMIZING PATIENT EXPOSURE AND IMAGE QUALITY

THE CINEFLUOROGRAPHIC SYSTEM

Radiation Production and Control

X-Ray Tubes

Spatial and Spectral Shaping of the X-Ray Beam

Imaging Modes

Automatic Dose Rate Control

CLINICAL PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING

IMAGE DETECTION, PROCESSING, AND RECORDING

Image Intensifiera

FLAT-PANEL X-RAY DETECTORS

IMAGE PROCESSING AND DISPLAY

DIGITAL IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION IN MEDICINE AND PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

THE ANGIOGRAPHIC ROOM

IMAGING EQUIPMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION

Stochastic Effects

Radiogenic Cancer

Tissue Reactions

Patient Radiation Management

Clinical Dose Monitoring

Staged and Multiple Procedures

Patient Education, Consent, and Follow-Up

Staff Radiation Safety

Staff Tissue Reaction

Staff Cancer Risk

Basic Principles of Reducing Staff Radiation Exposure

Staff Radiation Monitoring

INTRAVASCULAR CONTRAST AGENTS

Iodinated Contrast Agents

Gadolinium

Carbon Dioxide

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

3. Integrated Imaging Modalities in the Cardiac Catheterization Lab

LIMITATIONS OF TRADITIONAL IMAGING SYSTEMS

EVOLUTION OF IMAGING NEEDS IN THE CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION SUITE

Value Assessment

NEW IMAGING MODALITIES

Echocardiography

Rotational Angiography

Intracardiac Echocardiography

Computed Tomography Angiography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Angiography

IMAGING COMPARATIVE ANATOMIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Fluoroscopy/Angiography Versus Echocardiography

Fluoroscopy/Angiography Volumetric Computed Tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging

IMAGE AND MODALITY COREGISTRATION

MODALITY SELECTION

VISUALIZATION: 2-DIMENSIONAL TO 3-DIMENSIONAL

3-Dimensional Fluoroscopy and Coregistration of Computed Tomography Imaging

Real-Time Echocardiographic 3-Dimensional

NEW FRONTIERS

4. Complications

OVERVIEW

DEATH

Death as a Complication of Diagnostic Catheterization

Left Main Disease

Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Valvular Heart Disease

Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Pediatric Patients

Death in the Course of an Interventional Procedure

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Interventional Procedures

CEREBROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS

LOCAL VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS

Femoral Artery Thrombosis

Femoral Vein Thrombosis

Hemorrhagic Complications

Retroperitoneal Bleeding

Femoral Neuropathy

Pseudoaneurysm and Arteriovenous Fistula

ARRHYTHMIAS OR CONDUCTION DISTURBANCE

Ventricular Fibrillation

Atrial Arrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias

PERFORATION OF THE HEART OR GREAT VESSELS

INFECTIONS AND PYROGEN REACTIONS

ALLERGIC AND ANAPHYLACTOID REACTIONS

CONTRAST-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY/ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

OTHER COMPLICATIONS

Hypotension

Volume Overload

Anxiety/Pain

Respiratory Insufficiency

Retained Equipment

CONCLUSION

5. Adjunctive Pharmacology for Cardiac Catheterization

ANTIPLATELET AGENTS

Aspirin

Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Antagonists

Intravenous Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENTS

Unfractionated Heparin

Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin

Factor Xa Inhibitors

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors

Duration of Antiplatelet Therapy

Other Pharmacologic Agents

Section II Basic Techniques

6. Percutaneous Transfemoral, Transseptal, Transcaval, and Apical Approach

CATHETERIZATION VIA THE FEMORAL ARTERY AND VEIN

Patient Preparation

Selection of Puncture Site

Local Anesthesia

Femoral Vein Puncture

Catheterizing the Right Heart From the Femoral Vein

Femoral Artery Puncture

Catheterizing the Left Heart From the Femoral Artery

Control of the Puncture Site Following Sheath Removal

Contraindications to Femoral Approach to Left Heart Catheterization

ALTERNATIVE SITES FOR LEFT HEART CATHETERIZATION

Percutaneous Entry of the Axillary, Brachial, or Radial Arteries

Lumbar Aortic Puncture

Percutaneous Transcaval Access

Transseptal Puncture

Apical Left Ventricular Puncture

7. Radial Artery Approach

ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS

TECHNICAL ASPECTS

Patient Preparation

Patient Positioning—Right Versus Left Radial Access

Sheath Selection

Radial Puncture Technique

Distal Transradial Approach

Learning Curve

Navigating the Upper Extremity Arterial System

CATHETER SELECTION

Diagnostic Angiography

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

TRA for Peripheral Vascular Interventions

RADIAL HEMOSTASIS—PREVENTION OF RADIAL ARTERY OCCLUSION

Complications

Radial Artery Spasm

Hematoma and Bleeding

Radial Artery Perforation and Dissection

Radial Artery Pseudoaneurysm

TRANSRADIAL ACCESS AND RADIATION EXPOSURE

BRACHIAL VENOUS ACCESS FOR RIGHT HEART CATHETERIZATION

TRANSRADIAL ACCESS AND OUTCOMES

ECONOMICS—QUALITY OF LIFE—SAME-DAY DISCHARGE PCI

Economics

Quality of Life

Same-Day Discharge

CONCLUSION

8. Cutdown Approach: Brachial, Femoral, Axillary, Aortic, and Transapical

INDICATIONS

PREPROCEDURE EVALUATION

INCISION, ISOLATION OF VESSELS, AND CATHETER INSERTION

CATHETER SELECTION

Right Heart Catheters

Left Heart Catheters

ADVANCING THE RIGHT HEART CATHETER

ADVANCING THE LEFT HEART CATHETER

SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

Coronary Bypass Grafts

Internal Mammary Arteries

Anomalous Coronary Takeoff

Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

REPAIR OF VESSELS AND AFTERCARE

TROUBLESHOOTING

Loss of Radial Pulse

Hand Numbness

FEMORAL, AXILLARY, AORTIC, AND TRANSAPICAL ACCESS

Open Femoral Arterial Access

Axillary/Subclavian Artery Access

Direct Transthoracic Aortic Access

Left Ventricular Apical Access

9. Diagnostic Catheterization in Childhood and Adult Congenital Heart Disease

GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE CATHETERIZATION OF PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Vascular Access/Vessel and Chamber Entry

Intracardiac Catheter Manipulation

Pressure Measurements and Oximetry

Angiography

SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES

Pregnancy

Down Syndrome

Pulmonary Ventricular Failure and Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Right Ventricular Outflow Failure

Cyanosis

Systemic Ventricular “Heart Failure”

Coronary Artery Disease

Vascular Anatomy Before Cardiac Surgery

Fontan

CONCLUSION

Section III Hemodynamic Principles

10. Pressure Measurement

THE INPUT SIGNAL: WHAT IS A PRESSURE WAVE?

PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES

Sensitivity

Frequency Response

Natural Frequency and Damping

Linearity

WHAT FREQUENCY RESPONSE IS DESIRABLE?

EVALUATION OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS

TRANSFORMING PRESSURE WAVES INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS: THE ELECTRICAL STRAIN GAUGE

PRACTICAL PRESSURE TRANSDUCER SYSTEM FOR THE CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY

PHYSIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE WAVEFORMS

Reflected Waves

Wedge Pressures

NORMAL CONTOURS OF PRESSURE WAVEFORMS

Atrial Pressure

Pulmonary Wedge Pressure

Ventricular Pressure

Aortic Pressure

SOURCES OF ERROR AND ARTIFACT

Deterioration in Frequency Response

Catheter Whip Artifact

End Pressure Artifact

Catheter Impact Artifact

Systolic Pressure Amplification in the Periphery

Errors in Zero Level, Balancing, or Calibration

MICROMANOMETERS

PRESSURE TRACINGS IN VALVULAR AND NONVALVULAR HEART DISEASE

CONCLUSION

11. Blood Flow Measurement: Cardiac Output and Vascular Resistance

EXTRACTION RESERVE AND CARDIAC OUTPUT

Lower Limit of Cardiac Output

Upper Limit of Cardiac Output

Factors Influencing Cardiac Output in Normal Subjects

TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT

Fick Oxygen Method

Indicator Dilution Methods

Thermodilution Method

Continuous Cardiac Output Monitoring

CLINICAL MEASUREMENT OF VASCULAR RESISTANCE

Poiseuille Law

Clinical Use of Vascular Resistance

Systemic Vascular Resistance

Total Pulmonary Resistance

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL CENTRAL SHUNTS

PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH MITRAL STENOSIS

ASSESSMENT OF VASODILATOR DRUGS

12. Shunt Detection and Quantification

DETECTION OF LEFT-TO-RIGHT INTRACARDIAC SHUNTS

Measurement of Blood Oxygen Saturation and Content in the Right Heart (Oximetry Run)

Oximetry Run

Calculation of Pulmonary Blood Flow (Qp)

Calculation of Systemic Blood Flow (Qs)

Calculation of Left-to-Right Shunt

Examples of Left-to-Right Shunt Detection and Quantification

Flow Ratio

Calculation of Bidirectional Shunts

Limitations of the Oximetry Method

Other Indicators

Angiography

DETECTION OF RIGHT-TO-LEFT INTRACARDIAC SHUNTS

Angiography

Oximetry

Echocardiography

13. Calculation of Stenotic Valve Orifice Area

THE GORLIN FORMULA

MITRAL VALVE AREA

Example of Valve Area Calculation in Mitral Stenosis

Pitfalls

AORTIC VALVE AREA

Example

Pitfalls

AREA OF TRICUSPID AND PULMONIC VALVES

ALTERNATIVES TO THE GORLIN FORMULA

ASSESSMENT OF AORTIC STENOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT

VALVE RESISTANCE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

14. Pitfalls in the Evaluation of Hemodynamic Data

BASIC CONCEPTS

TRANSVALVULAR GRADIENT

EFFECTS OF CATHETER LOCATION

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

CONCLUSION

Section IV Angiographic Techniques

15. Coronary Angiography

CURRENT INDICATIONS

GENERAL ISSUES

THE FEMORAL APPROACH

Insertion and Flushing of the Coronary Catheter

Damping and Ventricularization of the Pressure Waveform

Cannulation of the Left Coronary Ostium

Cannulation of the Right Coronary Ostium

Cannulation of Saphenous Vein and Arterial Grafts

Internal Mammary Artery Cannulation

Gastroepiploic Graft Cannulation

THE BRACHIAL OR RADIAL APPROACH

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

INJECTION TECHNIQUE

ANATOMY, ANGIOGRAPHIC VIEWS, AND QUANTITATION OF STENOSIS

Coronary Anatomy

Angiographic Views

Lesion Quantification

Coronary Collaterals

BIPLANE AND ROTATIONAL CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

NONATHEROSCLEROTIC CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Coronary Vasospasm

Abnormal Coronary Vasodilator Reserve

MISTAKES IN INTERPRETATION

Inadequate Number of Projections

Inadequate Injection of Contrast Material

Superselective Injection

Catheter-Induced Coronary Spasm

Congenital Variants of Coronary Origin and Distribution

Myocardial Bridges

Total Occlusion

Complex Stenosis Classification and Risk Stratification

16. Coronary Artery Anomalies

DEFINITIONS

Anomalous Origin of a Coronary Artery From an Opposite Sinus of Valsalva, With an Intramural Course

Other Coronary Anomalies Frequently Encountered in the Adult Cath Lab: Coronary Fistulae and Myocardial Bridges

17. Cardiac Ventriculography

INJECTION CATHETERS

Pigtail Catheter

Straight Tip Left Ventriculographic Catheters

Balloon-Tip Ventriculographic Catheters

INJECTION SITE

INJECTION RATE AND VOLUME

FILMING PROJECTION AND TECHNIQUE

RIGHT VENTRICULOGRAPHY

ANALYSIS OF THE VENTRICULOGRAM

INTERVENTION VENTRICULOGRAPHY—HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

COMPLICATIONS AND HAZARDS

Arrhythmias

Intramyocardial Injection (Endocardial Staining)

Fascicular Block

Embolism

Complications of Contrast Media

ALTERNATIVES TO CONTRAST VENTRICULOGRAPHY

2D and Real-Time 3D Echocardiographic Visualization of the Left Ventricle

Radionuclide Imaging: First Pass, ERNA, and Gated SPECT

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computerized Tomographic Ventriculography

Electromechanical Mapping

Electrical Conductance Catheter

18. Pulmonary Angiography

Introduction

HISTORY

ANATOMY

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Hemodynamic Monitoring

Percutaneous Venous Catheterization

Pulmonary Artery Catheterization

Catheter Exchange

Contrast Agents and Injection Rates

Imaging Modes

Complications and Contraindications

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Diagnosis

OTHER INDICATIONS FOR PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

Pulmonary Hypertension

Rare Indications

Meandering Pulmonary Vein

19. Angiography of the Aorta and Peripheral Arteries

PERIPHERAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

CROSS-SECTIONAL ARTERIAL IMAGING

RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING

VASCULAR ACCESS

RADIOLOGIC EQUIPMENT

CATHETERS AND GUIDEWIRES

CONTRAST AGENTS

THORACIC AORTA

Anatomy

Disorders of the Thoracic Aorta

Thoracic Aortography

ABDOMINAL AORTA

Anatomy

Abdominal Aortic Disease and the Role of Imaging

Abdominal Aortography

Selective Mesenteric Angiography

SUBCLAVIAN AND VERTEBRAL ARTERIES

Anatomy

Manifestations of Subclavian Disease

Subclavian and Vertebral Arteriography

CAROTID ARTERIES

Anatomy

RENAL ARTERIES

Anatomy

Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal Arteriography

PELVIC AND LOWER EXTREMITIES

Anatomy

Lower-Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease

Pelvic and Lower-Limb Angiography

CONCLUSION

Section V Evaluation of Cardiac Function

20. Stress Testing During Cardiac Catheterization: Exercise, Pacing, and Dobutamine Challenge

DYNAMIC EXERCISE

Oxygen Uptake and Cardiac Output

Exercise Index

Exercise Factor

Systemic and Pulmonary Arterial Pressure and Heart Rate

Upright Versus Supine Exercise

Left Ventricular Diastolic Function

Examples of the Use of Exercise to Evaluate Left Ventricular Failure in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory

Evaluation of Valvular Heart Disease

Performing a Dynamic Exercise Test

PACING TACHYCARDIA

Differences Between Pacing Tachycardia and Exercise Stress

Myocardial Metabolic Changes Induced by a Pacing Stress Test

Hemodynamic Changes During a Pacing Stress Test

DOBUTAMINE STRESS TESTING

21. Measurement of Ventricular Volumes, Ejection Fraction, Mass, Wall Stress, and Regional Wall Motion

VOLUMES

Technical Considerations

Biplane Formula

Single-Plane Formula

Magnification Correction: Single Plane

Magnification Correction: Biplane

Regression Equations

EJECTION FRACTION AND REGURGITANT FRACTION

OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING VENTRICULAR VOLUME AND EJECTION FRACTION

LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS

NORMAL VALUES

WALL STRESS

PRESSURE-VOLUME CURVES

REGIONAL LEFT VENTRICULAR WALL MOTION

22. Evaluation of Systolic and Diastolic Function of the Ventricles and Myocardium

SYSTOLIC FUNCTION

Preload, Afterload, and Contractility

Isovolumic Indices

Pressure-Volume Analysis

Myocardial Deformation Analysis—Left Ventricular Strain

DIASTOLIC FUNCTION

Left Ventricular Diastolic Distensibility: Pressure-Volume Relationship

Clinical Conditions Influencing Diastolic Distensibility

Indices of Left Ventricular Diastolic Relaxation Rate

23. Evaluation of Tamponade, Constrictive, and Restrictive Physiology

NORMAL HEMODYNAMICS DURING THE RESPIRATORY CYCLE AND THE ROLE OF THE PERICARDIUM

TAMPONADE PHYSIOLOGY

Constrictive-Effusive Physiology

Low-Pressure Tamponade

Regional Cardiac Tamponade

CONSTRICTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

RESTRICTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

CONCLUSIONS

Section VI Special Catheter Techniques

24. Evaluation of Myocardial and Coronary Blood Flow and Metabolism

CONTROL OF MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW: THE MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND RELATIONSHIP

Determinants of Myocardial Oxygen Supply

MEASUREMENT OF MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM

Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow and Resistance

MEASUREMENTS OF INTRACORONARY PRESSURE AND FLOW VELOCITY USING SENSOR-TIPPED GUIDEWIRES

Technique of Angioplasty Sensor-Guidewire Use3

Coronary Hyperemia for Stenosis Assessment

Translesional Pressure–Derived Fractional Flow Reserve

Coronary Pulse Wave Analysis

NONHYPEREMIC PRESSURE RATIOS

Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF CORONARY BLOOD FLOW AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

Validation and Threshold of Ischemia

Clinical Studies of Fractional Flow Reserve for Lesion Assessment

PHYSIOLOGIC LESION ASSESSMENT FOR CORONARY INTERVENTIONS

Left Main Stenosis

Fractional Flow Reserve and Ostial Branch Assessment

Fractional Flow Reserve and Saphenous Vein Graft Assessment

Assessment of Diffuse Atherosclerosis

Serial Epicardial Lesions

CLINICAL STUDIES OF INSTANTANEOUS WAVE-FREE RATIO

Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio and Fractional Flow Reserve in Stable Ischemic Heart Disease

Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio in Clinical Multivessel Disease

Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio in Serial Lesions

Other Nonhyperemic Pressure Ratios

Post–Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Coronary Hemodynamic Measurements

Acute Coronary Syndromes

EVOLVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMAGING ASSESSMENT OF CORONARY STENOSIS HEMODYNAMICS

CORONARY PHYSIOLOGIC TOOLS LESS COMMONLY UTILIZED IN ROUTINE CLINICAL PRACTICE

Measuring Coronary and Myocardial Blood Flow in the Cardiac Cath Lab

MEASUREMENT OF CORONARY FLOW RESERVE

Coronary Doppler Flow Velocity

Guidewire Thermodilution Blood Flow Technique

Normal Coronary Flow and Flow Velocity Reserve

SIMULTANEOUS PRESSURE-FLOW VELOCITY INDICES

QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COLLATERALS IN THE CATH LAB

CONCLUSIONS

25. Intravascular Imaging Techniques

INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND

Imaging Systems

Image Acquisition Procedures

Image Interpretation

Quantitative Assessment

Qualitative Assessment

Interventional Applications

Safety and Limitations

Future Directions

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

Imaging Systems

Image Acquisition Procedures

Image Interpretation

Quantitative Assessment

Qualitative Assessment

Interventional Applications

Safety and Limitations

Future Directions

ANGIOSCOPY

Imaging Systems and Procedures

Image Interpretation

Diagnostic Applications

Interventional Applications

Safety and Limitations

Future Directions

SPECTROSCOPY AND OTHER OPTICAL IMAGING

Imaging Systems and Procedures

Image Interpretation

Diagnostic Applications

Interventional Applications

Safety and Limitations

Future Directions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

26. Endomyocardial Biopsy

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

MODERN BIOPTOMES

VASCULAR ACCESS FOR ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY

Internal Jugular Access

Right Subclavian Vein Access

Femoral Vein and Femoral Artery Access

BIOPSY METHODS

Right Internal Jugular Venous Approach—Preshaped Bioptome

Right Internal Jugular—Preformed Sheath

Left Internal Jugular Vein Approach—Flexible Sheath

Femoral Vein Approach—Preformed Sheath

Left Ventricular Biopsy—Femoral Artery Preformed Sheath

Left Ventricular Biopsy—Femoral Artery Guiding Catheter Approach

Left Ventricular Biopsy— Radial Artery Sheathless Approach

BIOPSY COMPLICATIONS

Perforation

Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias

Supraventricular Arrhythmias

Heart Block

Pneumothorax

Puncture of the Carotid Artery or Subclavian Artery

Pulmonary Embolization

Nerve Paresis

Venous Hematoma

Arterial Venous Fistula

POSTPROCEDURE CARE

TISSUE PROCESSING

BIOPSY IN MYOCARDIAL DISEASE

Transplant Rejection

Adriamycin Cardiotoxicity

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Myocarditis

Restrictive Versus Constrictive Disease

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

27. Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support: Impella, Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation, TandemHeart, Extracorporeal Bypass, and Right Ventricular Support Devices

HEMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES OF CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

TRANSVALVULAR LEFT-VENTRICLE-TO-AORTIC PUMPS

Impella Hemodynamics

Insertion, Routine Care, and Weaning

Indications, Contraindications, and Complications

Clinical Results

Summary: Impella Devices

INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON PUMP

Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Hemodynamics

Insertion, Routine Care, and Weaning

Indications, Contraindications, and Complications

Clinical Results

Summary: Intra-aortic Balloon Pump

LEFT-ATRIAL-TO-AORTIC PUMPS

EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION/EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATORY LIFE SUPPORT

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Hemodynamics

Insertion, Monitoring, and Weaning

Indications, Contraindications, and Complications

Clinical Results

Summary: Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

RIGHT VENTRICULAR SUPPORT DEVICES

Impella RP

BiPella Support

Protek Duo

Summary: Percutaneous Right Ventricular Assist Devices

SUMMARY

Section VII Interventional Techniques

28. Percutaneous Balloon Angioplasty and General Coronary Intervention

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PCI

EQUIPMENT

Guiding Catheters

Guidewires

Dilatation Catheters

PROCEDURE

POSTPROCEDURE MANAGEMENT

MECHANISM OF PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY

ACUTE RESULTS OF ANGIOPLASTY

COMPLICATIONS

Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction

Coronary Artery Dissection

Abrupt Closure

Branch Vessel Occlusion

Coronary Perforation

Bleeding

Device Failures

THE HEALING RESPONSE TO CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY—RESTENOSIS

Brachytherapy

Drug-Eluting Stents

CURRENT INDICATIONS

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention to Improve Survival in Stable Disease

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention to Improve Symptoms in Stable Disease

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndromes

Hybrid Coronary Revascularization

Complete Revascularization in Stable Disease

APPROPRIATENESS CRITERIA FOR USE OF PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION IN CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION

QUALITY AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

29. Atherectomy, Thrombectomy, and Distal Protection Devices

ATHERECTOMY

Rotational Atherectomy and Orbital Atherectomy

Cutting Balloon Angioplasty

Scoring Balloon Angioplasty

ABLATIVE LASER TECHNIQUES

Laser Angioplasty

MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY

Cut and Aspirate Devices

Venturi/Bernoulli Suction

Suction Thrombectomy

Ultrasonic Thrombectomy

EMBOLIC PROTECTION DEVICES

Distal Occlusion Systems

Distal Filters

Proximal Occlusion Systems

Embolic Protection During Acute Myocardial Infarction and Native Coronary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Embolic Protection Recommendations

30. Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

SYSTEMS OF CARE

Angioplasty With No Surgery Onsite

Regional Transfer Centers

Metropolitan Systems

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF REPERFUSION

Time to Therapy

Clinical Risk Assessment

Optimal Preprocedural Therapy

Milieu for Reperfusion

Pre- and Postischemic Conditioning

PROCEDURAL ASPECTS

Angiography and Hemodynamic Assessment

Culprit Vessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

CONCLUSION

31. Coronary Stenting

BARE-METAL STENT OVERVIEW

Limitations of Balloon Angioplasty

Development of the Coronary Stent

Stent Design: Impact on Performance and Clinical Outcomes

Comparisons Between Bare-Metal Stents

INDICATIONS FOR CORONARY STENTING

DRUG-ELUTING STENT OVERVIEW

Limitations of Bare-Metal Stents

Components of Drug-Eluting Stents

GENERATIONS OF DRUG-ELUTING STENTS

First-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents

Second-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents

Everolimus-Eluting Stents (Xience V™/Promus™)

CONCERNS REGARDING SAFETY OF DRUG-ELUTING STENTS AND POOLED COMPARISONS OF DRUG-ELUTING STENTS AND BARE-METAL STENTS

BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER DRUG-ELUTING METAL STENTS

Biolimus A9-Eluting Stents (BioMatrix, Nobori Stent)

Everolimus-Eluting Platinum-Chromium (SYNERGY) Stent

Other Bioresorbable Polymer-Coated Metal Stents

POLYMER-FREE DRUG-ELUTING STENTS

BIOABSORBABLE DRUG-ELUTING STENTS

OTHER BIORESORBABLE SCAFFOLDS

DRUG-ELUTING STENT SUMMARY

STENT IMPLANTATION TECHNIQUE

Technical Aspects of Coronary Stent Implantation

COMPLICATIONS OF CORONARY STENTING

Stent Thrombosis

Restenosis

Other Complications of Coronary Stent Implantation

STENT USAGE IN SPECIFIC PATIENTS AND LESIONS

Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarctiona

Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

Multivessel and Left Main Disease

Chronic Total Occlusions

Bifurcation Lesions

Saphenous Vein Grafts

CONCLUSION: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

32. Peripheral Intervention

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

CAROTID ARTERIES

Concomitant Carotid and Coronary Artery Disease

Treatment Considerations and Technique

VERTEBRAL AND BASILAR ARTERIES

Treatment Considerations and Technique

VESSELS OF THE AORTIC ARCH

Subclavian, Common Carotid, and Innominate Arteries

Treatment Considerations and Technique

RENAL ARTERIES

Fibromuscular Dysplasia

Atherosclerotic Renal Artery Stenosis

Treatment Considerations and Technique

MESENTERIC ARTERIES

Indications for Treatment and Results

Mesenteric Artery Intervention

LOWER EXTREMITY

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Indication for Intervention

AORTOILIAC OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE

Stents for Aortoiliac Disease

Treatment Considerations and Technique

COMMON FEMORAL ARTERY

Treatment Considerations and Technique

PROFUNDA FEMORAL ARTERY

SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL AND POPLITEAL ARTERIES

Adjunct Therapies

Treatment Considerations and Technique

INFRAPOPLITEAL ARTERIES

Techniques

LOWER EXTREMITY BYPASS GRAFTS

Techniques

VENOUS DISEASE AND INTERVENTION

Techniques

TRAINING AND CREDENTIALING

33. General Overview of Interventions for Structural Heart Disease

CLASSIFICATION OF INTERVENTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASE

Closure of Congenital and Acquired Cardiac Defects

Percutaneous Valve Interventions

Myocardial Interventions

Interventions for the Creation of Intracardiac Shunts

Pericardial Interventions

Miscellanea Intervention

TRAINING AND CREDENTIALING CRITERIA

INFORMED CONSENT AND THE USE OF APPROVED DEVICES FOR NONAPPROVED INDICATIONS

THE ROLE OF INTERVENTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL HEART DISEASE IN PATIENT MANAGEMENT: MULTIDISCIPLINARY PROGRAMS AND THE CARDIAC TEAM

CLINICAL REGISTRIES

ACADEMIC RESEARCH CONSORTIUM

CONCLUSION

34. Nonvalvular Interventions: Left Atrial Appendage Closure and Alcohol Septal Ablation

LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE CLOSURE

PLAATO Device

WATCHMAN Device

Amplatzer Amulet Device

LARIAT Device

ALCOHOL SEPTAL ABLATION

Patient Selection for Alcohol Septal Ablation

Procedure

Complications of ASA

Conclusion

35. Percutaneous Therapies for Aortic and Pulmonary Valvular Heart Disease

PERCUTANEOUS AORTIC VALVE THERAPIES

BALLOON AORTIC VALVULOPLASTY

Noncalcific Aortic Stenosis

Calcific Aortic Stenosis

Mechanism of Improved Aortic Orifice Area

Technique

Clinical Results and Complications

Long-Term Results

PERCUTANEOUS VALVE REPLACEMENT AND REPAIR

PERCUTANEOUS PULMONIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

PERCUTANEOUS AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Valve Construction

Patient Selection, Preparation, and Valve Delivery

36. Percutaneous Therapies for Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Disease

PERCUTANEOUS BALLOON MITRAL VALVULOPLASTY

Mechanisms

Patient Selection for Mitral Valvuloplasty

Contraindications

Anatomic Factors in Patient Selection for Mitral Valvuloplasty

Technique

Inoue Balloon Technique

Immediate Results

Long-Term Hemodynamic and Clinical Results

Comparison of Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty and Surgery

Complications

PERCUTANEOUS MITRAL VALVE REPAIR

Percutaneous Annular Modification

Leaflet Repair or Plication

Anatomic Considerations

Contraindications

Mitraclip Procedure

Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement

PERCUTANEOUS APPROACHES TO TRICUSPID VALVE DISORDERS

Anatomy of the TV and Relevance for Transcatheter Procedures

Tricuspid Valve-in-Valve Implantation

Percutaneous Treatment of Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation

Annuloplasty Devices

Leaflet Approximation/Coaptation Devices

PASCAL TRANSCATHETER VALVE REPAIR SYSTEM

CONCLUSION

37. Intervention for Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease

THE CONGENITAL CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY

CONGENITAL OBSTRUCTIVE LESIONS

Obstructive Lesions of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract

Branch Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

OBSTRUCTION OF THE LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT

Anatomy/Physiology

Transcatheter Therapy for Left-Sided Obstruction

COARCTATION OF THE AORTA

Pediatric Balloon Angioplasty Technique

Results

Coarctation of the Aorta in the Adult

Stent Angioplasty Procedure

Results

Congenital Mitral Stenosis

CONGENITAL LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SHUNTS

Atrial-Level Communications: Anatomy of the Atrial Septum

Pathophysiology of Atrial-Level Shunts

Transcatheter Closure of an Atrial Septal Defect

Transcatheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale

Special Techniques

Results—Atrial Septal Defect/Patent Foramen Ovale Closure

Ventricular Septal Defects

Transcatheter Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects

Technique of Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect Closure

Results—Ventricular Septal Defect Closure

POST–MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION VENTRICULAR SEPTAL RUPTURE

Transcatheter Embolization of Extracardiac Shunts

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

Transcatheter Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Technique of Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure: AmplatzerTM Duct Occluder

Results—Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure

TREATMENT OF OTHER EXTRACARDIAC SHUNTS

Systemic Arteriovenous Fistulas

Coronary Fistulas

Aortopulmonary (Bronchial) Collaterals

Old Surgical Shunts

Pulmonary Fistulas

Venovenous Collaterals

Techniques of Device Embolization

Results/Complications

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH FONTAN PHYSIOLOGY

Fontan Physiology

Hemodynamic Evaluation

SUMMARY

38. Cardiac Cell-Based Therapy: Methods of Application and Delivery Systems

STEM CELLS

DELIVERY APPROACHES AND SYSTEMS OF DELIVERY

Which Route of Cell Delivery Is the Best?

CELL TYPES USED FOR TRANSPLANTATION

IMAGING FOR CATHETER GUIDANCE

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The NOGA System

DISEASE APPROACHES

Cell-Based Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Cell-Based Therapy in Angina Pectoris

Cell-Based Therapy in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Cell-Based Therapy in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

Cell-Based Therapy in Hibernating Myocardium

Cell-Based Therapy Associated With Coronary Artery Bypass Graft or Left Ventricular Assist Device Placement for Heart Failure

Cell-Based Therapy in Congenital Heart Disease

TRAINING IN TRANSENDOCARDIAL STEM CELL INJECTION

FUTURE DIRECTION

39. Endovascular Aortic Repair

INDICATIONS FOR REPAIR

ENDOGRAFT DESIGN

PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION

IMPLANTATION OF ENDOGRAFT

NOTABLE EARLY COMPLICATIONS

UNIQUE LATE COMPLICATIONS

CONCLUSION

40. Pericardial Interventions: Pericardiocentesis, Balloon Pericardiotomy, and Epicardial Approach to Cardiac Procedures

INTRODUCTION

PERICARDIOCENTESIS

Fluoroscopy-Guided Pericardiocentesis

Echocardiography-Guided Pericardiocentesis

Complications of Pericardiocentesis

PERCUTANEOUS BALLOON PERICARDIOTOMY

THERAPEUTIC INTRAPERICARDIAL INTERVENTION AND EPICARDIAL ACCESS

Anatomy of the Pericardial Space and Its Relation to Epicardial Access

Technical Aspects

Anterior and Posterior Approach

Fluoroscopic Navigation of the Epicardial Space

Epicardial Access in Patients With Prior Cardiac Surgery

Complications of Epicardial Access

Conclusion

41. Interventions for Cardiac Arrhythmias

CLASSIFICATION AND MECHANISMS OF ARRHYTHMIAS

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PERIPROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS

SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia and Wolf-Parkinson-White

Focal Atrial Tachycardia

MACROREENTRANT ATRIAL TACHYCARDIAS

Nomenclature

Cavotricuspid Isthmus–Dependent Flutter

Atypical Atrial Flutter

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

Indications for Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation

Preoperative Ventricular Tachycardia Localization

Periprocedural Imaging

Endocardial Left Ventricular Access and Anticoagulation

Ventricular Tachycardia Mapping Methods

Epicardial Access and Ablation

IDIOPATHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

Outflow Tract Ventricular Tachycardia

Nonoutflow Tract Focal Ventricular Tachycardia

Fascicular Ventricular Tachycardia

SCAR-RELATED VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

Postinfarct Ventricular Tachycardia and Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Nonischemic Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Other Nonischemic Cardiomyopathies

POLYMORPHIC VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA AND VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION

CONCLUSION

Section VIII Clinical Profiles

42. Profiles in Valvular Heart Disease

MITRAL STENOSIS

The Second Stenosis

Catheterization Protocol

Interpretation

Interpretation

MITRAL REGURGITATION

Physiology

Hemodynamic Assessment

Angiographic Assessment

Catheterization Protocol

Interpretation

AORTIC STENOSIS

Hemodynamic Assessment

Angiographic Assessment

Catheterization Protocol

Interpretation

Interpretation

Interpretation

Paradoxical Low-Flow, Low-Gradient Aortic Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

Hemodynamic Assessment

Angiographic Assessment

Catheterization Protocol

TRICUSPID REGURGITATION

Hemodynamic Assessment

Angiographic Assessment

TRICUSPID STENOSIS

Hemodynamic Assessment

Angiographic Assessment

PULMONIC STENOSIS AND REGURGITATION

EVALUATION OF PROSTHETIC VALVES

Relative Stenosis of Prosthetic Valves

Catheter Passage Across Prosthetic Valves

Interpretation

43. Profiles in Coronary Artery Disease

STABLE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Indications for Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Technical Considerations

NON–ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Indications for Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Management

UNPROTECTED LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Technical Considerations

CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION

Indications for Coronary Arteriography and Percutaneous Revascularization

Technical Considerations

SAPHENOUS VEIN GRAFT DISEASE

Indications for Coronary Arteriography and Percutaneous Revascularization

Technical Considerations

44. Profiles in Pulmonary Hypertension and Pulmonary Embolism

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

PATHOLOGY OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISM OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Prostanoids

Endothelin-1

Nitric Oxide Pathway

Serotonin

Novel Pathogenic Pathways

ETIOLOGIES

DIAGNOSIS

RIGHT HEART CATHETERIZATION IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Right Atrial Pressure

Pulmonary Artery and Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressures

Cardiac Output and Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

Vasodilator Testing

Other Considerations

TREATMENT

Risk Stratification

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Diagnosis

Laboratory and Imaging Tests

Risk Stratification

Anticoagulation

Thrombolysis, Catheter Intervention, and Surgical Thromboendarterectomy

45. Profiles in Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure

HEART FAILURE WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION

HEART TRANSPLANTATION

46. Profiles in Pericardial Disease

PERICARDITIS, PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, AND TAMPONADE

DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PERICARDIOCENTESIS

PERICARDIAL BIOPSY

Clinical Considerations

CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

Treatment

EFFUSIVE–CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

OTHER CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRICTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

ANOMALIES OF THE PERICARDIUM

47. Profiles in Congenital Heart Disease

ADULT WITH PULMONIC STENOSIS

Adult With Pulmonic Stenosis: Discussion

COARCTATION OF THE AORTA

Coarctation of the Aorta: Discussion

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT

Atrial Septal Defect: Discussion

POST–MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION VENTRICULAR SEPTAL RUPTURE SHUNT REDUCTION

Post–Myocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Rupture Shunt Reduction: Discussion

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Discussion

CORONARY ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA

Coronary Arteriovenous Fistula: Discussion

FAILING RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT IN COMPLEX CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Failing Right Ventricular Outflow Tract in Complex Congenital Heart Disease: Discussion

FAILING RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT IN COMPLEX CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Failing Right Ventricular Outflow Tract in Complex Congenital Heart Disease: Discussion

FAILING RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT IN COMPLEX CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Failing Right Ventricular Outflow Tract in Complex Congenital Heart Disease: Discussion

ADVANCED PATHOLOGY OF AORTIC ARCH

Advanced Pathology of Aortic Arch: Discussion

48. Profiles in Peripheral Arterial Disease

STROKE INTERVENTION

AORTIC ARCH AND CERVICAL VESSELS

Extracranial Carotid Artery Intervention

Vertebral Artery Intervention

Subclavian and Innominate Artery Angioplasty

VISCERAL AND RENAL INTERVENTION

Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia

Renal Artery Intervention

LOWER EXTREMITY PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE

Aortoiliac Intervention

Femoral-Popliteal Intervention

Tibial-Peroneal Intervention

Index

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An aparitie	9 Nov. 2020
Autor	Mauro Moscucci
Dimensiuni	21.59 x 2.54 x 25.4 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781496386373
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	1216
Versiune digitala	DA