Coagulation/Endothelial Dysfunction ,An Issue of Critical Care Clinics (Volume 36-2)

Description:

This issue of Critical Care Clinics, guest edited by Drs. Hernando Gomez Danies and Joseph Carcillo, focuses on Coagulation/Endothelial Dysfunction. This is one of four issues each year selected by the series consulting editor, Dr. John Kellum. Articles in this issue include, but are not limited to: Cell-cell communication breakdown and endothelial dysfunction; Role of the Tie2/Angiopoetin pathway in endothelial dysfunction; The Glycocalyx; Platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction; Role of antithrombin III and tissue factor pathway; Red blood cell dysfunction; Microvascular hemodynamics, autoregulation and mechanotransduction control of blood flow distribution; Nitric oxide and endothelial dysfunction; Microvascular dysfunction; Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and atypical HUS; Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Heparin induced thrombocytopenia and Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the critically ill; Thrombocytopenia associated multiple organ failure (TAMOF); Meningococcemia; Immune consequences of endothelial dysfunction during sepsis; Therapeutic targets in thrombotic microangiopathies with a focus on endothelial disorders; and Coagulation disorders in HLH/Macrophage activation syndrome.

Table of Contents:

Copyright

Contributors

Forthcoming Issues

Preface

Cell-Cell Communication Breakdown and Endothelial Dysfunction

Key points

Introduction

Characteristics of the normal endothelium

Functions of the endothelium

Endothelial development and cell-cell communication

Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction contributing to disease progression

Summary and perspectives

The Angiopoietin-Tie2 Pathway in Critical Illness

Key points

Introduction

Biology of the angiopoietin-Tie2 axis

Preclinical evidence of Tie2 regulating vessels during inflammation

Clinical evidence implicating the Tie2 axis

Sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation

Summary and future directions

Endothelial Glycocalyx

Key points

Introduction

Composition and function of the endothelial glycocalyx

Endothelial glycocalyx and acute respiratory distress syndrome

Endothelial glycocalyx and trauma

Endothelial glycocalyx and hypervolemia

Endothelial glycocalyx and ischemia/reperfusion

Endothelial glycocalyx and hypernatremia/hyperglycemia

Endothelial glycocalyx, microcirculation, and volume therapy

Endothelial glycocalyx, sepsis, and acute kidney injury

Platelet Activation and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction

Key points

Introduction

Overview of platelet function and activation

Overview of endothelial cell function

Hemostasis

Barrier function

Effects of inflammation on platelets and hemostasis

Disturbance of endothelial cell function in critical illness

Summary

Role of Antithrombin III and Tissue Factor Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis

Key points

Introduction

Normal pathophysiology and alterations in sepsis

Disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis

Multiorgan dysfunction/failure

Role of antithrombin in the coagulopathy of sepsis

Antithrombin treatment of sepsis

Role of tissue factor in the coagulopathy of sepsis

Tissue factor treatment strategies in sepsis

Summary

Red Blood Cell Dysfunction in Critical Illness

Key points

Introduction: the erythron

Capture and release of oxygen by red blood cells

Red blood cell biophysical factors influencing tissue perfusion

Regulation of blood flow distribution by red blood cells

Red blood cell energetics and consequences of antioxidant system failure

Acquired red blood cell injury, eryptosis, and clearance

Influence of red blood cells on hemostasis

Summary: red blood cell dysfunction disrupts of oxygen delivery during critical illness

A Review on Microvascular Hemodynamics: The Control of Blood Flow Distribution and Tissue Oxygenation

Key points

Introduction—microcirculation at a glance

Microcirculation—arterioles and venules

Mechanotransduction and nitric oxide regulation

Oxygen exchange in the microcirculation

Microcirculation—capillaries

Microcirculation—hemodynamics

Microcirculation—capillary hemodynamics

Microcirculation dysfunction

Experimental microvascular measurements

Summary

Nitric Oxide and Endothelial Dysfunction

Key points

Introduction

Nitric oxide in normal endothelial function

Alternative nitric oxide NO production: nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway

Clinical implications of endothelial nitric oxide and nitric oxide regulation

Summary

Microvascular Dysfunction in the Critically Ill

Key points

Introduction

The microcirculation

The lymphatics

The endothelium

Aging of the microvasculature

Monitoring the microvasculature

Resuscitative therapy

Summary

Typical and Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in the Critically Ill

Key points

Introduction

Classification

Epidemiology

General pathophysiologic concepts

Diagnostic approach to the critically ill patient with suspected thrombotic microangiopathy

Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

Secondary hemolytic uremic syndrome

Streptococcus pneumoniae–associated hemolytic uremic syndrome

Pregnancy-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome

Summary

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Key points

Introduction

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Future considerations

Thrombocytopenia-Associated Multiple Organ Failure

Key points

Introduction

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure

The Inflammatory and Hemostatic Response in Sepsis and Meningococcemia

Key points

Introduction

Inflammatory response in sepsis

Hemostatic response in sepsis

Summary

Immune Consequences of Endothelial Cells’ Activation and Dysfunction During Sepsis

Key points

Introduction

Resting endothelial cells

Role of endothelial cells in innate immunity

Role of endothelial cells in adaptive immunity

Endothelial cell heterogeneity and organ dysfunction during sepsis

Summary

Coagulation Disorders in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis/Macrophage Activation Syndrome

Key points

What is hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis?

Coagulation disorders and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Summary