Cambridge Handbook of Anesthesiology

 

Description:

The recent advances in the clinical practice of anesthesiology have increased the need for a new state-of-the art anesthesia handbook for practicing anesthesiologists, trainees and students. This practical book provides a modern, clinically focused guide for any clinical question related to anesthesia care, presenting comprehensive, yet succinct knowledge from experts in the field. It describes the best practice in a concise yet easily digestible format and features numerous tables and figures, a bulleted points/outline format, and algorithms allowing for rapid assimilation of key information. New techniques and common procedures are also covered in detail. This up-to-date pocketbook is perfect for quick reference in the operating room, providing rapid access to evidence-based clinical content covering the full breadth of the field, including pediatric, obstetric, cardiac and regional anesthesia sections. In addition to daily clinical practice, the book serves also as a convenient companion for board review and recertification exam preparation.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Chapter 1 Preoperative Evaluation and Coexisting Disease

Preoperative Evaluation

Elements of Preoperative Evaluation

Medication Reconciliation

Risk Stratification

ASA Physical Status Classification

Cardiac

Pulmonary

Preoperative Optimization and Prehabilitation

Coexisting Disease

Cardiac

Ischemic Heart Disease

Hypertension

Bioprosthetic and Mechanical Heart Valves

Heart Failure

Pulmonary

Tobacco, Marijuana, and Vaping Use

Pulmonary Hypertension

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Frailty

Malnutrition

Anemia

Cognitive Dysfunction

Diabetes

Chronic Kidney Disease

Summary and Conclusion

Review Questions

Answers

References

Chapter 2 Airway Management

Introduction

Airway Anatomy

Airway Assessment

Airway Assessment

Predictors of Difficult Intubation/Ventilation

Physiology of Airway Management

Preoxygenation

Apneic Preoxygenation

Airway Reflexes

Aspiration Risk and Ways to Minimize the Risk

Airway Management Techniques

Mask Ventilation

Supraglottic Airways

Endotracheal Intubation

Management of Difficult Airway

Difficult Airway Algorithm

Emergency Airway Procedures

Cricothyrotomy

Transtracheal Jet Ventilation

Extubation

Extubation Criteria and Considerations

Complications

References

Chapter 3 Anesthesia Equipment: Clinical Considerations

Introduction

Overview of Gas Flow from Pipeline and Cylinder Supply Gas Flow through the Anesthesia Workstation

Overview of Air and Oxygen Flush Flow

Overview of Volatile Anesthetic Gas Flow

Overview of Anesthetic Breathing System Gas Flow

Workstation Components

Gas Inlets and Safety Systems

Gauges and Sensors

Pressure Regulators

Oxygen Flush Valve

Pressure Sensors, Fail-Safe, and Alarms

Oxygen Ratio Proportioning Systems

Fresh Gas Controllers and Flowmeters

Workstation Ventilators: Bellows versus Piston

Vaporizers and Manifold

Common Gas Outlet and Check Valve

Waste Gas Scavenging

Electrical Systems

Gas Flow through the Anesthesia Machine

Delivery of Oxygen and Inhalational Agents to the Patient

Nitrous Oxide

Other Inhalational Agents/Medical Gases

Anesthesia Workstation Checkout

Comparison of Modern Anesthesia Workstations

Conclusion

References

Chapter 4 Patient Monitoring

Introduction

Standard Intraoperative Patient Monitoring

Pulse Oximetry

Blood Pressure Monitoring

Capnography, Gas Analysis, and End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide

Temperature Monitoring

Electrocardiography

Advanced Cardiovascular Monitoring Devices

Central Venous Pressure

Pulmonary Artery Catheter

Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography

Other Monitoring Devices

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS)

Urine Output

Neuromuscular Blockade Monitoring

Consciousness Monitoring

Neuromonitoring

Review Questions

Answers

Further Reading

Chapter 5 Inhalational Anesthetics

Introduction

History

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics

Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

Sevoflurane [CH2 F-O-CH(CF3)2]

Isoflurane (CHF2-O-CHCl-CF3)

Desflurane (CF2 H-O-CFH-CF3)

Adverse Reactions

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Nitrous Oxide and Effects on Cavities

Unwanted Physiological Effects of Fluorinated Hydrocarbons

Malignant Hyperthermia

Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity

Carbon Monoxide Toxicity

Protective Effects of Inhaled Anesthetics

Monitoring of Depth of Anesthesia

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6 Intravenous Anesthetics and Adjunctive Agents

Introduction

Intravenous Anesthetic Agents

Novel Intravenous Agents

Adjuvant Agents

Incorporation of Intravenous Anesthetics in ERAS Protocols

Use of Total Intravenous Anesthetics

Advantages

Disadvantages

Conclusion

Review Questions

Answers

References

Chapter 7 Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics

Introduction

Basics of Local Anesthetics

Structure

Mechanism of Action

Nerve Fiber Sensitivity and Differential Blockade

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics

Characteristics of Individual Local Anesthetic Agents

Cocaine

Procaine

2-Chloroprocaine

Benzocaine

Lidocaine

Mepivacaine

Bupivacaine

Ropivacaine

EMLA Cream

Complications Associated with Local Anesthetics

Cauda Equina Syndrome

Transient Neurologic Symptoms

Methemoglobinemia

Allergic Reactions

Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity

Conclusion

Further Reading

Chapter 8 Anesthesia Techniques: Mild, Moderate, and Deep Sedation in Clinical Practice

Background

Provider Roles

Drug Selection

Benzodiazepines

Propofol

Opioids

Dexmedetomidine

Ketamine

Nitrous Oxide

Preprocedure

History and Physical

ASA Physical Status

Fasting Guidelines

Preoperative Testing and Consultation

Monitoring and Equipment

Conclusion

References

Chapter 9 Anesthesia Techniques: General Anesthesia Techniques in Clinical Practice

Background

Preoperative Evaluation

Induction of Anesthesia

Inhalational Induction

Intravenous Induction

Airway Management

Mask Ventilation

Supraglottic Airways

Endotracheal Intubation

Maintenance of Anesthesia

Inhalational Anesthetics

Total Intravenous Anesthesia

Neuromuscular Blockers

Monitors

Oxygenation

Ventilation

Circulation

Temperature

Emergence

Conclusion

References

Chapter 10 Postanesthesia Care Unit

Introduction

Phases of Postoperative Care

ASA Standards for Postoperative Care

Transport and Delivery to the Postanesthesia Care Unit

Most Common Problems Encountered in the PACU

Discharge Criteria

References

Chapter 11a Regional Anesthesia: Blocks of the Upper and Lower Extremities

Introduction

Upper Extremity/Brachial Plexus Blocks

Interscalene

Supraclavicular

Axillary

Intercostobrachial

Lower Limbs

Femoral Nerve Block and Adductor Canal Block

Obturator Nerve Block

Sciatic Nerve Block

iPACK

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block

Pericapsular Nerve Group Block

Further Reading

Chapter 11b Regional Anesthesia: Chest and Abdominal Plane Blocks

Thoracic Plane Blocks

Intercostal Nerve Block

Pectoralis and Serratus Anterior Plane Blocks

Thoracic Paravertebral Block

Erector Spinae Plane Block

Abdominal Plane Blocks

Rectus Sheath Block

Transversus Abdominis Plane Block

Quadratus Lumborum Blocks

Review Questions

Answers

Further Reading

Chapter 12 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Introduction

Evaluation of Intravascular Volume

Physical Examination and Laboratory Markers for Fluid Status

Hemodynamic Measurements

Intravenous Fluids

Crystalloids

Colloids

Perioperative Fluid Replacement

Conventional Management

Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy

Perioperative Fluid Loss

Electrolyte Balance Management

Sodium Homeostasis

Hyponatremia

Hypernatremia

Potassium Homeostasis

Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

Calcium Homeostasis

Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia

Magnesium Homeostasis

Hypomagnesemia

Hypermagnesemia

Review Questions

Answers

Further Reading

Chapter 13 Blood Transfusion Components and Complications in Anesthesiology

Packed Red Blood Cells

Processing, Storage, and ABO Compatibility

Components

Clinical Application

Indications for Transfusion

Potential Complications

Fresh Frozen Plasma

Processing, Storage, and ABO Compatibility

Components

Clinical Application

Indications for Transfusion

Potential Complications

Platelets

Processing, Storage, and ABO Compatibility

Components

Clinical Application

Indications for Transfusion

Potential Complications

Cryoprecipitate

Processing, Storage, and ABO Compatibility

Components

Clinical Application

Indications for Transfusion

Potential Complications

Complications

Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Further Workup

Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Further Workup

Febrile Reactions

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Further Workup

Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Further Workup

Allergic Reactions

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Further Workup

Sepsis

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Further Workup

References

Chapter 14 Cardiac Anesthesiology

Introduction

Preoperative Evaluation

Intraoperative Management

Monitoring

Induction of General Anesthesia

Access

General Precardiopulmonary Bypass Management

Anticoagulation

Management on Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Common Problems Immediately Postcardiopulmonary Bypass

Postoperative Management

Transport

Extubation

Surgery-Specific Considerations

Valve Replacement/Repair

“Off-Pump” Cases

Minimally Invasive Procedures

Aortic Arch Repairs

Septal Myectomy

Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Heart Transplantation

Pericardial Window or Resection of Anterior Mediastinal Mass

Catheter-Based Cardiac Procedures

Lead Extraction

References

Chapter 15 Vascular Anesthesia

Introduction

Preoperative Assessment and Risk Stratification

Carotid Endarterectomy

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Hemodialysis Access

Surgery for Critical Limb Ischemia: Limb Salvage and Amputation

Review Questions

Answers

References

Chapter 16 Thoracic Anesthesia

Preoperative Evaluation and Optimization

Cardiac Risk Stratification

Assessment of Lung Resectability

Preoperative Optimization

Lung Isolation Techniques

Physiology of One-Lung Ventilation

Addressing Hypoxemia

Goal-Directed Fluid Management

Nonintubating Technique for Thoracic Surgical Procedures

Regional Techniques

Special Considerations in Surgical Procedures

Anterior Mediastinal Masses

Preoperative

Intubation, Sedation, and Positioning

Possible Complications: Cardiovascular Collapse

Pneumonectomy

Preoperative

Considerations

Extrapleural Pneumonectomy

Tracheal Sleeve Pneumonectomy/Carinal Pneumonectomy

Hemodynamic Management

Pain Management

Esophagectomy

Preoperative Assessment

Monitoring

Induction

Pain Management

Intraoperative Complications

Lung Transplantation

Induction

Intraoperative Management

Indications for Mediastinoscopy

Postoperative Analgesia

References

Chapter 17 Neuroanesthesia

Introduction

Neuroanatomy and Physiology

Monitoring – ASA Monitors, Neuromonitoring (EEG, ECoG, EMG, SSEP, MEP, BERA, VEP)

Effects of Anesthetic Agents on Neurophysiology

Inhalational Agents

Intravenous Anesthetic Agents

Opioids

Neuromuscular Blockers

Anesthetic Management of Acute Brain Trauma

Anesthetic Management for Intracranial Mass Surgery

Anesthetic Management of Vascular Malformations (Aneurysms, Arteriovenous Malformations): Interventional Neurosurgical Procedures

Anesthetic Management of Carotid Endarterectomy (Regional versus General Anesthesia)

Anesthetic Management of Sitting Position Neurosurgical Procedures

Anesthesia for Awake Craniotomy

Anesthetic Management of Spinal Cord Trauma

Anesthetic Management of Spine Surgery

Further Reading

Chapter 18 Renal Anesthesiology in Clinical Practice

Basic Renal Physiology

Juxtaglomerular Complex

Renal Blood Supply

Renal Blood Flow

Regulation of Renal Blood Flow

Autonomic Autoregulation

Hormonal Regulation via Natriuretic Peptides

Glomerular Filtration Rate and Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine Clearance (Urine Creatinine × Urine Flow Rate/Serum Creatinine)

Anesthesia for Kidney Transplant

Regional Anesthesiology for End-Stage Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease

Perioperative Management in Clinical Renal Conditions

End-Stage Renal Disease

Nephrectomy

Bladder

Prostate/Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

Nephrolithiasis

Renal Effects of Anesthetic Drugs

Induction Drugs

Propofol

Etomidate

Dexmedetomidine

Ketamine

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

Fentanyl, Alfentanil, and Sufentanil

Remifentanil

Morphine, Codeine, and Hydrocodone

Meperidine

Volatile Anesthetics

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

Succinylcholine

Atracurium and Cisatracurium

Rocuronium and Vecuronium

Pancuronium

Reversal Medications

Neostigmine

Sugammadex

References

Chapter 19 Anesthesia for General Surgical Procedures

Introduction

Laparoscopic General Surgery

Robotic General Surgery

Esophageal Surgery

Stomach Surgery

Intestinal and Peritoneal Surgery

Colorectal Surgery

Further Reading

Chapter 20 Anesthesia for Endocrine Diseases

Introduction

Hypothalamus/Posterior Pituitary

Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone

Cerebral Salt Wasting

Diabetes Insipidus

Thyroid: Pathophysiology, Differential Diagnosis, Treatment, and Perioperative Management

Hypothyroidism

Etiology

Clinical Manifestations

Management

Myxedema Coma and Glucocorticoid Replacement

Anesthetic Considerations in Hypothyroidism

Preoperative

Intraoperative

Postoperative

Pathophysiology

Cardiovascular

Respiratory

Metabolic

Hyperthyroidism

Etiology

Clinical Manifestations

Management of Thyroid Storm

Anesthetic Considerations in Hyperthyroidism

Preoperative

Intraoperative

Postoperative

Pathophysiology

Cardiovascular

Respiratory

Metabolic

Complications of Thyroid Surgery

Parathyroid: Hyperparathyroidism versus Hypoparathyroidism – Pathophysiology, Signs and Symptoms, Differential Diagnosis, and Management

Hyperparathyroidism

Management and Treatment

Anesthetic Considerations for Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

Anesthetic Considerations for Hypoparathyroidism

Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes – Pathophysiology, Signs and Symptoms, Differential Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management Perioperatively

Endocrine Pancreas

Pathophysiology

Signs and Symptoms

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Diabetic Autonomic Dysfunction

Perioperative Management

Diabetic Crises

Glucagonoma

Adrenal Glands: Role, Addison’s/Hypocortisolism – Pathophysiology, Primary versus Secondary, Signs and Symptoms, Differential Diagnosis, and Management

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Insufficiency

Anesthetic Management

Ovaries and Testes

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Functional Neuroendocrine Pathophysiology – Pheochromocytoma/Paragangliomas

Background

Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

Preoperative Management

Intraoperative Management

Postoperative Management

Gastrointestinal: Carcinoid Syndrome/Carcinoid Tumors – Pathophysiology, Signs and Symptoms, Differential Diagnosis, and Management

Carcinoid Tumors

Preoperative Management

Intraoperative Considerations

Conclusion

References

Chapter 21 Anesthesia for Neuromuscular and Collagen Vascular Diseases

Introduction

Neuromuscular Diseases

Myasthenia Gravis

Anesthetic Considerations

Lambert–Eaton (Myasthenic) Syndrome

Anesthetic Considerations

Guillain–Barré Syndrome

Anesthetic Considerations

Muscular Dystrophies and Congenital Myopathies

Anesthetic Considerations

Mitochondrial Myopathies

Collagen Vascular Diseases

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Anesthetic Considerations

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Anesthetic Considerations

Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)

Anesthetic Considerations

Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis

Anesthetic Considerations

References

Chapter 22 Anesthesia for Ocular, Ear, and Throat Diseases

Ocular

Factors that Influence Intraocular Pressure

Choosing Pharmacologic Agents

Ophthalmologic Drugs

Regional Anesthesia

Benefits/Drawbacks

Types of Blocks

Oculocardiac Reflex

Postoperative Eye Injuries

Painful

Painless

Surgeries

Strabismus Surgery

Cataract Extraction

Trabeculectomy

Retina Surgery

Ear, Nose, and Throat

Choosing Pharmacologic Agents

Difficult Airway

Shared Airway

Laser Surgery

Complications

Airway Fire

Laryngospasm

Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema

Surgeries

Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

Bronchoscopy

Direct Laryngoscopy

Ear Surgery

Laryngectomy/Neck Dissection

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Surgery

Surgical Airways – Cricothyrotomy and Tracheostomy

Cricothyrotomy

Tracheostomy

References

Chapter 23 Orthopedic Anesthesia

Upper Extremity

Shoulder and Proximal Upper Extremity Procedures

Distal Upper Extremity Procedures

Lower Extremity

Chest

Pelvis

References

Chapter 24 Obstetric and Gynecologic Anesthesia

Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy

Neurologic System

Cardiovascular System

Airway and Respiratory System

Hematologic System

Gastrointestinal System

Stages of Labor and Anatomy of Labor Pain

Methods of Labor Analgesia

Pharmacologic

Regional Techniques

Lumbar Epidural Analgesia

Spinal Analgesia

Continuous Spinal Analgesia

Combined Spinal/Epidural

Other Regional Techniques

Paracervical, Lumbar Sympathetic, and Pudendal Nerve Blocks

Paracervical Block

Lumbar Sympathetic Block

Pudendal Block

Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery

Neuraxial Anesthesia

Spinal Anesthesia

Epidural Anesthesia

Combined Spinal/Epidural

General Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery

Complications of Neuraxial Anesthesia

Pruritus

Nausea and Vomiting

Hypotension

Postdural Puncture Headache

Neuraxial Hematoma

Neuraxial Infection

Total Spinal Anesthesia

Intravascular Injection of Local Anesthetic

Management of High-Risk Parturients

Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy

Anesthetic Management of the Preeclamptic Patient

Obstetric Hemorrhage

Antepartum Hemorrhage

Placenta Previa

Abruptio Placentae

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Obesity

Review Questions

Answers

Further Reading

Chapter 25 Pediatric Anesthesia

Introduction

Anatomy

Head and Neck

Physiology

Respiratory

Cardiovascular

Renal

Hepatic

Hematologic

Central Nervous System

Glucose Regulation

Thermoregulation

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

Infection Prevention

Perioperative Anesthesia

Preoperative

Intraoperative

Postoperative

Conclusion

References

Chapter 26 Geriatric Anesthesia

Introduction

Age-Related Physiological Changes

Nervous System

Cardiovascular System

Pulmonary System

Renal System

Gastrointestinal and Hepatic System

Age-Related Pharmacological Changes

Preoperative Assessment

Cognitive Function Evaluation

Medication Evaluation

Institutionalized Patient Evaluation

Intraoperative Management

Anesthetic Mode

Fluid Management

Temperature Management

Positioning

Postoperative Management

Postoperative Delirium

Pulmonary Complications

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Urinary Tract Infection

Postoperative Pain Management

Future Direction of Geriatric Anesthesia

Acknowledgments

Review Questions

Answers

Further Reading

Chapter 27 Anesthesia for Ambulatory Surgical Procedures

Anesthesia for Ambulatory Surgery

Preoperative Care

Patient Selection

Preoperative Assessment

Anesthesia Management

Postoperative Care

Human Resources Management in Ambulatory Surgery Centers

Sexual Harassment

Workplace Diversity and Cultural Competence

Privileging and Credentialing

Further Reading

References

Chapter 28 Chronic Pain Medicine

Epidemiology, Patient History, and Physical Examination

Laboratory Testing, Imaging, and Diagnoses

Basic Pain Procedures

Advanced Pain Procedures

References

Chapter 29 Acute Pain Management

Introduction

Anesthetics, Analgesics, and Adjuvants

Local Anesthetics

Opiates

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents

Adjunct Medications

Alpha-2 Agonists

Epinephrine

Steroids

Gabapentinoids

Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Magnesium

Capsaicin

Interventional Procedures

Peripheral Nerve Blocks

Neuraxial Interventional Techniques

Conclusion

Further Reading

Chapter 30 Anesthetic Emergencies

Introduction to the Emergent Patient

Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support

Circulation, Airway, and Breathing

Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Intraoperative Emergencies Related to Anesthesia Practice

Hypovolemia

Hemorrhage

Hypoxia

“H+” Acidosis

Tension Pneumothorax

“Thrombosis”/Embolism

Acute Coronary Syndrome

“Toxin”

Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity

Tamponade

Summary

Review Questions

Answers

References

Chapter 31 Trauma Anesthesia

Trauma Patient Evaluation

Hemostasis and the Coagulation Cascade

Coagulopathy in Trauma

Hypercoagulability of Trauma

Anticoagulation

TEG and ROTEM

Reversal of Anticoagulation

Transfusion in Trauma

References

Chapter 32 Perioperative Cognitive Disorders

Abnormal Cognitive Aging

Considering Abnormal Cognitive Aging Profiles in Preoperative Settings

Identifying Characteristics of Preoperative Cognitive Disorders

Labeling Postoperative Cognitive Disorders

Multidisciplinary Consideration for Identification of Perioperative Cognitive Disorder and Care

Future Directions for Perioperative Cognitive Disorders

References

Chapter 33 Acute Pain Management in the ICU

Introduction

Regional Anesthesia

Peripheral Nerve Blocks

Neuraxial Analgesia

Analgesics

Opiates

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents

Adjuvants

Dexmedetomidine

Lidocaine

Ketamine

Further Reading

Chapter 34 Infection Control for the Anesthesia Provider

Introduction

Standard Precautions

Transmission-Based Precautions

Standard

Airborne

Droplet

Contact

Hand Hygiene

Cleaning/Disinfection

Airway Management

Medication Handling

Invasive Procedures

Skin Preparation

Regional Anesthesia

Peripheral Intravenous Access, Arterial Vascular Access, and Central Venous Catheter

Peripheral Intravenous Access

Arterial Line

Central Venous Catheter/Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC)/Swan–Ganz

Other Measures

Monitoring

COVID-19

Personal Protective Equipment

Anesthetic Management of COVID-19-Positive Patients

Transport of COVID-19-Positive Patients and Patients under Investigation (PUIs)

COVID-19-Positive and PUI Obstetric Patients

References

Chapter 35 Coagulation

Introduction

Preoperative Management of Antiplatelets and Anticoagulants

Laboratory Testing

Intraoperative Management

Postoperative Management of Coagulopathy

Common Bleeding Disorders

Common Clotting Disorders

Anticoagulation in the Perioperative Period

References

Index

 

An aparitie	8 Jun. 2023
Autor	Alan David Kaye, Richard D. Urman
Dimensiuni	120 x 190 x 25 mm
Editura	Cambridge University Press
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781108947657
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	496