An Introduction to Orthodontics

Description:

Hailed as 'superb', 'thorough', and 'contemporary', this is the essential orthodontics text for all staff involved in orthodontic treatment, whether they are dental students, orthodontic therapists, postgraduate students at the beginning of their career, or more experienced clinicians wanting an evidence-based, concise update on the foundations of contemporary orthodontic care. With over 700 illustrations and plenty of case studies, An Introduction to Orthodontics, Fifth Edition is a user-friendly introduction to the subject. Continuing its well-deserved reputation, it is the perfect starting point for learning key concepts and the practical aspects of orthodontics. The new fifth edition has been completely updated to reflect contemporary practice, including a new chapter dedicated to hypodontia and orthodontics, and a new chapter on the fastest growing area in orthodontics, clear aligners. Readers will find further reading and references at the end of each chapter, including references to appropriate Cochrane Reviews to aid revision and support clinical practice. Learning objectives, key points boxes, and instructive artwork make this an essential text for busy readers who need focused and practical learning.

Table of Contents:

1   The rationale for orthodontic treatment (S. K. Barber)

1.1   Orthodontics

1.2   Malocclusion

1.3   Rationale for orthodontic treatment

1.4   Potential benefits to dental health

1.5   Potential benefits for oral health-related quality of life

1.6   Potential risks of orthodontic treatment

1.7   Discussing orthodontic treatment need

2   The aetiology and classification of malocclusion (L. Mitchell)

2.1   The aetiology of malocclusion

2.2   Classifying malocclusion

2.3   Commonly used classifications and indices

2.4   Andrews’ six keys

3   Management of the developing dentition (L. Mitchell)

3.1   Normal dental development

3.2   Abnormalities of eruption and exfoliation

3.3   Mixed dentition problems

3.4   Planned extraction of deciduous teeth

3.5   What to refer and when

4   Craniofacial growth and the cellular basis of tooth movement (F. R. Jenkins)

4.1   Introduction

4.2   Early craniofacial development

4.3   Mechanisms of bone formation and growth

4.4   Control of craniofacial growth

4.5   Postnatal craniofacial growth

4.6   Growth rotations

4.7   Growth of the soft tissues

4.8   Growth prediction

4.9   The cellular basis of tooth movement

4.10   Cellular events associated with excess force

4.11   Cellular events during root resorption

4.12   Summary

5   Orthodontic assessment (S. J. Littlewood)

5.1   Introduction to orthodontic assessment

5.2   Taking an orthodontic history

5.3   Clinical examination in three dimensions

5.4   Extra-oral examination

5.5   Intra-oral examination

5.6   Diagnostic records

5.7   Forming a problem list

5.8   Case study: example case to demonstrate orthodontic assessment

6   Cephalometrics (S. K. Barber)

6.1   The cephalostat

6.2   Indications for cephalometric evaluation

6.3   Evaluating a cephalometric radiograph

6.4   Cephalometric analysis: general points

6.5   Commonly used cephalometric points and reference lines

6.6   Anteroposterior skeletal pattern

6.7   Vertical skeletal pattern

6.8   Incisor position

6.9   Soft tissue analysis

6.10   Assessing growth and treatment changes

6.11   Cephalometric errors

6.12   3D cephalometric analysis

7   Treatment planning (S. J. Littlewood)

7.1   Introduction

7.2   General objectives of orthodontic treatment

7.3   Forming an orthodontic problem list

7.4   Aims of orthodontic treatment

7.5   Skeletal problems and treatment planning

7.6   Basic principles in orthodontic treatment planning

7.7   Space analysis

7.8   Valid consent and the orthodontic treatment plan

7.9   Conclusions

7.10   Case study: example case to demonstrate treatment planning

8   Class I (Benjamin R. K. Lewis)

8.1   Aetiology

8.2   Crowding

8.3   Spacing

8.4   Early loss of first permanent molars

8.5   Displaced teeth

8.6   Vertical discrepancies

8.7   Transverse discrepancies

8.8   Bimaxillary proclination

8.9   Trauma

9   Class II division 1 (S. J. Littlewood)

9.1   Aetiology

9.2   Objectives of treating Class II division 1 malocclusions

9.3   Treatment planning for Class II division 1 malocclusions

10   Class II division 2 (S. K. Barber)

10.1   Aetiology

10.2   Common features of Class II division 2 malocclusion

10.3   Aims of treatment

10.4   Treatment methods

11   Class III (Benjamin R. K. Lewis)

11.1   Aetiology

11.2   Occlusal features

11.3   Treatment planning in Class III malocclusions

11.4   Treatment options

12   Anterior open bite and posterior open bite (Benjamin R. K. Lewis)

12.1   Definitions

12.2   Aetiology of anterior open bite

12.3   Management of anterior open bite

12.4   Posterior open bite

13   Crossbites (Benjamin R. K. Lewis)

13.1   Definitions

13.2   Aetiology

13.3   Types of crossbite

13.4   Management

14   Canines (L. Mitchell)

14.1   Facts and figures

14.2   Normal development

14.3   Aetiology of maxillary canine displacement

14.4   Interception of displaced canines

14.5   Assessing maxillary canine position

14.6   Management of buccal displacement

14.7   Management of palatal displacement

14.8   Resorption

14.9   Transposition

15   Anchorage planning (Benjamin R. K. Lewis)

15.1   Introduction

15.2   Assessing anchorage requirements

15.3   Classification of anchorage

15.4   Intra-oral anchorage

15.5   Extra-oral anchorage

15.6   Monitoring anchorage during treatment

15.7   Common problems with anchorage

15.8   Summary

16   Retention (S. J. Littlewood)

16.1   Introduction

16.2   Definition of relapse and post-treatment changes

16.3   Aetiology of post-treatment changes

16.4   How common are post-treatment changes?

16.5   Consent and the responsibilities of retention

16.6   Retainers

16.7   Adjunctive techniques used to reduce post-treatment changes

16.8   Conclusions about retention

17   Removable appliances (L. Mitchell)

17.1   Mode of action of removable appliances

17.2   Designing removable appliances

17.3   Active components

17.4   Retaining the appliance

17.5   Baseplate

17.6   Commonly used removable appliances

17.7   Fitting a removable appliance

17.8   Monitoring progress

17.9   Appliance repairs

18   Fixed appliances (Benjamin R. K. Lewis)

18.1   Principles of fixed appliances

18.2   Indications for the use of fixed appliances

18.3   Components of fixed appliances

18.4   Treatment planning for fixed appliances

18.5   Practical procedures

18.6   Fixed appliance systems

18.7   Demineralization and fixed appliances

18.8   Starting with fixed appliances

19   Functional appliances (S. J. Littlewood)

19.1   Definition

19.2   History

19.3   Overview

19.4   Case study: functional appliance

19.5   Timing of treatment

19.6   Types of malocclusion treated with functional appliances

19.7   Types of functional appliance

19.8   Clinical management of functional appliances

19.9   How functional appliances work

19.10   How successful are functional appliances?

20   Adult orthodontics (S. J. Littlewood)

20.1   Introduction

20.2   Comprehensive, adjunctive, or limited treatment orthodontics

20.3   Specific challenges in adult orthodontic treatment

20.4   Orthodontics and periodontal disease

20.5   Orthodontic treatment as an adjunct to restorative work

20.6   Aesthetic orthodontic appliances

20.7   Obstructive sleep apnoea and mandibular advancement splints

21   Orthodontic aligners (S. K. Barber)

21.1   Definition of orthodontic aligners

21.2   History of aligners

21.3   Tooth movement with aligners

21.4   Clinical stages in aligner treatment

21.5   Digital aligner construction

21.6   Uses for aligners

21.7   Advantages and limitations of orthodontic aligners

22   Orthodontics and orthognathic surgery (S. J. Littlewood)

22.1   Introduction

22.2   Indications for treatment

22.3   Objectives of combined orthodontics and orthognathic surgery

22.4   The importance of the soft tissues

22.5   Diagnosis and treatment plan

22.6   Planning

22.7   Common surgical procedures

22.8   Sequence of treatment

22.9   Retention and relapse

22.10   3D developments in orthognathic surgery: planning, simulation, and guided surgery

23   Hypodontia and orthodontics (S. K. Barber)

23.1   Definition

23.2   Aetiology

23.3   Features of hypodontia

23.4   Impact of hypodontia

23.5   Treatment in the primary dentition

23.6   Treatment in the mixed dentition

23.7   Treatment in the permanent dentition

24   Cleft lip and palate and other craniofacial anomalies (L. Mitchell)

24.1   Prevalence

24.2   Aetiology

24.3   Classification

24.4   Problems in management

24.5   Coordination of care

24.6   Management

24.7   Audit of cleft palate care

24.8   Other craniofacial anomalies

25   Orthodontic first aid (L. Mitchell)

25.1   Fixed appliance

25.2   Removable appliance

25.3   Functional appliance

25.4   Headgear

25.5   Miscellaneous

Definitions

Orthodontic assessment form

Index