The Washington Manual of Heart Failure and Transplantation

 

A new volume in the popular Washington Manual® handbook series, The Washington Manual® Heart Failure and Transplantationprovides concise, high-yield content that reflects today’s fast-changing advances in the field. Edited by Drs. Jonathan D. Moreno and Benjamin J. Kopecky, and written by teams from Washington University, this practical handbook focuses on the essential information you need to know, using a brief, bulleted format, along with numerous figures, tables, algorithms, and images throughout. In one convenient, portable resource, you’ll find complete coverage of heart failure pathophysiology and clinical management spanning both inpatient and outpatient treatment settings—all at your fingertips for quick review and reference.

 

Table of Contents:

 

1 Introduction

Prevalence and Economic Burden

Progress in Medical Therapies

Progress in Heart Transplantation

2 Clinical Assessment in Heart Failure

The Heart Failure–Focused Physical Exam

HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

Cardiac Biomarkers

NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES

OTHER LABORATORY FINDINGS

The Stevenson Classification

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

3 Cardiac Imaging in Heart Failure

Imaging Modalities for Noninvasive Evaluation

TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING

CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

DEFINITION

IMAGING FOR DIAGNOSIS

IMAGING TO DIRECT AND FOLLOW TREATMENT

Chapter Subtopic: Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

DEFINITION

IMAGING FOR DIAGNOSIS

IMAGING TO DIRECT AND FOLLOW TREATMENT

Chapter Subtopic: Heart Transplantation

Chapter Subtopic: Left Ventricular Assist Devices

4 Right Heart Catheterization and Invasive Hemodynamics

Introduction

Indications for Right Heart Catheterization

The Procedure of Pulmonary Artery Catheter Insertion

Direct Measurements Obtained From Pulmonary Artery Catheter

RIGHT ATRIAL PRESSURE

RIGHT VENTRICULAR PRESSURE

PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE

PULMONARY CAPILLARY WEDGE PRESSURE (PULMONARY ARTERY OCCLUSIVE PRESSURE)

MIXED VENOUS OXYGEN SATURATION

Indirect Measurements Obtained From Pulmonary Artery Catheter

CARDIAC OUTPUT

THERMODILUTION METHOD

INDIRECT FICK METHOD

PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE

Clinical Vignette

EXERCISE HEMODYNAMICS

ENHANCED VENTRICULAR INTERDEPENDENCE IN CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

INVASIVE HEMODYNAMICS IN CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

Complications of Pulmonary Artery Catheter

5 Common Etiologies of Heart Failure and Associated Workup

ISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition and Prevalence

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition and Prevalence

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Prognosis

GENETIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES

Definition and Prevalence

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

TOXIN-INDUCED DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

INFECTIOUS CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition and Prevalence

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

AUTOIMMUNE CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

METABOLIC/ENDOCRINE CARDIOMYOPATHY

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

CARDIOMYOPATHY OF NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

RESTRICTIVE AND INFILTRATIVE CARDIOMYOPATHIES

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Prognosis

CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Prognosis

MYOCARDITIS AND INFLAMMATORY CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

STRESS-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Prognosis

HYPERTENSIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

GENETIC TESTING

ARRHYTHMOGENIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Definition

Etiology

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PATIENT HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Prognosis

6 Cardiac Amyloidosis: Diagnostic Approach and Treatment Strategies

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology

LIGHT CHAIN AMYLOIDOSIS

TRANSTHYRETIN AMYLOIDOSIS

Clinical Evaluation

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PRESENTATION

LIGHT CHAIN AMYLOIDOSIS

TRANSTHYRETIN AMYLOIDOSIS

Evaluation and Diagnosis

PHYSICAL EXAM

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

STAGING

Treatment

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND BACKGROUND

ATTR TREATMENT

AL TREATMENT

Management of Heart Failure

Advanced Heart Failure Therapy

Management of Orthostatic Hypotension

7 COVID-19 and Heart Failure

Timeline

Cardiovascular Mechanisms of Injury

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS VIA ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME 21,2

COMMON CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF INJURY

Heart Failure and COVID-19

Cardiac Transplant and COVID-19

Long-Term Cardiovascular Consequences of COVID-19

Vaccination and the Heart

Conclusions and Future Directions

8 Pulmonary Hypertension

General Principles

DEFINITION

CLASSIFICATION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

Role of the Exercise Right Heart Catheterization

Therapies

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

GROUP 1 TREATMENT

GROUP 2 TREATMENT

GROUP 3 TREATMENT

GROUP 4 TREATMENT

GROUP 5 TREATMENT

Right Ventricular Failure

MECHANISM

MANAGEMENT

9 Heart Failure in Populations Underrepresented in Trials

HEART FAILURE IN WOMEN

General Principles

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Treatment

Outcome/Prognosis

HEART FAILURE AND PREGNANCY

General Principles

Definition

Pathophysiology/Mechanism

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Evaluation and Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis/Outcomes

The Evidence

HEART FAILURE IN OLDER PATIENTS

General Principles

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Pathophysiology

Comorbidity and Geriatric Syndromes

Diagnosis

Management

Prognosis

The Evidence

HEART FAILURE IN RACIAL/ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS

Disparities in Heart Failure Trials

Incidence of Heart Failure in Racial Minority Groups

CLINICAL FEATURES

Racial Differences in Response to Treatment

HEART FAILURE IN ADULT CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

General Principles

Pathophysiology/Mechanism

Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Evaluation and Diagnosis

HISTORY

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Treatment

Prognosis

The Evidence

Conclusions

10 Drug Therapies for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection 
Fraction: The Cornerstone Therapies

Neurohormonal Basis of Therapies

ACTIVATION OF NEUROHORMONAL SYSTEMS IN HEART FAILURE (HARTUPEE, AND MANN, NAT. REV. CARDIOLOGY 2016) (FIGURE 10-1)

A Brief History of Therapies

The Four Pillars in Principle

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM INHIBITION

MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

BETA-BLOCKERS

SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS

The Four Pillars in Practice

Beyond the Four Pillars

HYDRALAZINE AND NITRATES

DIGOXIN

What Do I Do When LVEF Recovers?

11 Diuretics in Heart Failure

Introduction

Classes of Diuretics (Figure 11-1)

LOOP DIURETICS

THIAZIDE AND THIAZIDE-LIKE DIURETICS

MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

VAPTANS

SODIUM-GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS

ULTRAFILTRATION

Cardiorenal Syndrome

Diuretic Resistance

Initial Approach and Stepped Management (Figure 11-3)

ACUTE HEART FAILURE

CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Patient Monitoring

Gaps in Knowledge and Future Directions

12 Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Definition

Incidence, Epidemiology, Risk Factors

Pathophysiology

Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING (LABS, ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, IMAGING)

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

Treatment

ACUTE MANAGEMENT

CHRONIC MANAGEMENT

NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY AND PREVENTION

Prognosis

When to Refer to Expert Center and Special Populations

Future Directions/and Unanswered Questions

13 Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Definitions

Etiology and Initial Workup

Clinical Presentation and Hemodynamic Profiling

Initial Treatment Strategies

OXYGEN THERAPY

DECONGESTIVE THERAPY

GUIDELINE-DIRECTED MEDICAL THERAPY

Iron Therapy

Medical Management of Patients With Heart Failure With Coexisting Cardiogenic Shock

INVASIVE WORKUP

CRITERIA FOR DISCHARGE AND ADVANCED THERAPIES CONSIDERATION

14 Evaluation and Management of Cardiogenic Shock

Clinical and Hemodynamic Features

ETIOLOGIES OF CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Management of Cardiogenic Shock

GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND MONITORING

Role of Shock Team and Dedicated Cardiac Intensive Care Unit

Management of Myocardial Infarction Caused by Cardiogenic Shock: Revascularization

Medical Management of Cardiogenic Shock

VASOACTIVE AGENTS, INOTROPES, AND INODILATORS

MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT

Palliative Care in Cardiogenic Shock

Conclusions

15 Electrophysiology in Advanced Heart Failure

VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN ADVANCED HEART FAILURE

Mechanisms

Diagnosis

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

NONINVASIVE ASSESSMENT

IMAGING

CARDIAC PROCEDURES

Acute Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias

Chronic Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIC SUPPRESSION DRUG THERAPY

Electrical Storm

Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Device

Premature Ventricular Contractions–Induced Cardiomyopathy

DEVICE THERAPY IN HEART FAILURE

Primary Prevention in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Primary Prevention in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

Other Cardiomyopathies

Secondary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Device Selection

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Device Therapy in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Device

ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS IN ADVANCED HEART FAILURE

Atrial Fibrillation Morbidity

Mechanisms

Classification of Atrial Fibrillation58

Clinical Presentation of Atrial Fibrillation

Diagnosis and Monitoring

Treatment

Acute Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure

CARDIOVERSION

Long-Term Rhythm-Control Versus Rate-Control Strategy

LONG-TERM RATE-CONTROL STRATEGY

RHYTHM-CONTROL STRATEGY

Anti-arrhythmic Drugs71

Atrial Flutter

16 Valvular Strategies in Heart Failure

Introduction

SECONDARY REGURGITANT LESIONS

Secondary Mitral Regurgitation—Etiology

Secondary Mitral Regurgitation—Presentation/Diagnostic Testing

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Secondary Mitral Regurgitation—Management (Figure 16-2)

Secondary Tricuspid Regurgitation—Etiology

Secondary Tricuspid Regurgitation—Presentation/Diagnostic Testing

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Secondary Tricuspid Regurgitation—Management

AORTIC STENOSIS

Etiology

Presentation/Diagnostic Testing

Management

MECHANICAL VERSUS BIOPROSTHETIC AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT VERSUS TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

17 Cardiac Rehabilitation and Quality of Life in Heart Failure

Referral to Cardiac Rehabilitation: Qualifying Diagnoses

Four Phases of Cardiac Rehabilitation

PHASE 1: CARDIAC REHABILITATION

PHASE 2: TRADITIONAL CARDIAC REHABILITATION

PHASE 2: INTENSIVE CARDIAC REHABILITATION

PHASE 2: HOME-BASED CARDIAC REHABILITATION

PHASE 3: CARDIAC REHABILITATION

PHASE 4: CARDIAC REHABILITATION

BENEFITS OF PHASE 2 CARDIAC REHABILITATION AND INTENSIVE CARDIAC REHABILITATION

Barriers to Participation and Overcoming These Barriers

OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO PARTICIPATION

Health-Related Quality of Life Assessments for Patients With Heart Failure

Conclusion

18 Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Heart Failure

PALLIATIVE CARE

Indications for Palliative Care and Hospice Care in Heart Failure

Prognostication in Heart Failure

Communication Tools in Palliative Care

Symptom Management

PAIN

DYSPNEA

NAUSEA

FATIGUE

THIRST

MOOD DISORDER

EDEMA

ADVANCE CARE PLANNING

Other Considerations

Conclusion

19 Advanced Therapies Evaluation

Introduction

Indications for Advanced Therapies

When to Refer for Advanced Therapies

Advanced Therapies

Role of the Multidisciplinary Team

Candidate Factors: Assessing Medical Comorbidities and Contraindications

Candidate Factors: Psychosocial Evaluation

Areas of Uncertainty and Future Directions

20 Orthotopic Heart Transplant

Recipient Selection

Donor Selection

Organ Procurement and Preservation

DONATION AFTER CIRCULATORY DEATH

Recipient Surgical Technique

ALTERNATIVE SURGICAL TECHNIQUES

Outcomes

21 Immunosuppression in Heart Transplant

Transplant Immunology

IMMUNOCOMPATIBILITY

Role of Immunosuppression

INDUCTION THERAPY

MAINTENANCE THERAPY

Opportunistic Infection Prophylaxis

Pregnancy After Heart Transplant

Conclusion

22 Surveillance and Treatment of Suspected Allograft Rejection

Nomenclature for Allograft Rejection in Endomyocardial Biopsy

ACUTE CELLULAR REJECTION

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED REJECTION

Current Criteria for Evaluation of Heart Allograft Endomyocardial Biopsy3,5,6

ADEQUACY

ACUTE CELLULAR REJECTION

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED REJECTION

CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT VASCULOPATHY

NONREJECTION FINDINGS OF ALLOGRAFT ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSIES

Practical Considerations for Allograft Endomyocardial Biopsies

Treatment of Cardiac Allograft Rejection

Treatment of Acute Cellular Rejection

CORTICOSTEROIDS

CYTOLYTIC AND OTHER THERAPIES

OTHER THERAPIES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ACUTE CELLULAR REJECTION

Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Rejection

PLASMAPHERESIS

INTRAVENOUS IMMUNE GLOBULINS

RITUXIMAB

BORTEZOMIB AND CARFILZOMIB

ECULIZUMAB

OTHER THERAPIES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ANTIBODY-MEDIATED REJECTION

Conclusion

23 Long-Term Follow-up and Complications Arising From Heart Transplantation

CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT VASCULOPATHY

General Principles

Definition

Pathophysiology/Mechanism

Epidemiology/Risk Factors

Evaluation and Diagnosis

HISTORY

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Treatment

Outcome/Prognosis

Prevention

POST-TRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER AND OTHER MALIGNANCIES

General Principles

Pathophysiology/Mechanism

Epidemiology/Risk Factors

Evaluation and Diagnosis

HISTORY OF POST-TRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Treatment of Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

Outcome/Prognosis

Prevention

OTHER LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP AND COMPLICATIONS

Immunosuppression

Renal Injury

Diabetes

Hyperlipidemia

Osteoporosis

Depression

Vaccinations

Conclusion

24 Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device: History, Initial ­Optimization, and Management of Complications

Device History

General Principles

Pulsatile Flow Devices

Continuous Flow Devices

Magnetically Levitated Devices

Other Forms of Ventricular Assist Devices

BIVENTRICULAR SUPPORT

LEFT VENTRICULAR SUPPORT

RIGHT VENTRICULAR SUPPORT

Components of a Modern Left Ventricular Assist Device

General Principles

The Modern Left Ventricular Assist Device

Candidate Selection

General Principles

Right Heart Metrics and Right Ventricular Failure

General Principles

Pre-Left Ventricular Assist Device Implant

Post-Left Ventricular Assist Device Implant

Hemodynamics Post-Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

General Principles

Pump Parameters and Troubleshooting

General Principles

Pump Parameters

Optimization of Pump Speed—Ramp Studies

General Principles

Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Strategies in Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients

General Principles

Anticoagulation

HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA

Antiplatelet Therapy

Left Ventricular Assist Device Complications

General Principles

Early/Acute Complications

Late Complications

INFECTION

BLEEDING

STROKE

PUMP THROMBOSIS

AORTIC REGURGITATION

OTHER DEVICE FAILURE

DYSRHYTHMIAS AND CARDIAC ARREST

Conclusions and Future Directions

25 On the Cutting Edge of Advanced Therapies

Introduction

Cutting Edge of Medical Therapies for Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

CARDIAC REGENERATION

STEM CELLS

IMMUNE MODULATION PART 1: ANTIBODY APPROACHES

IMMUNE MODULATION PART 2: IMMUNE MODULATORS

GENE THERAPY

Cutting Edge of Device Therapies for Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

AUTONOMIC MODULATION: BARORECEPTOR ACTIVATOR THERAPY

RESPIRATORY MODULATION: PHRENIC NERVE STIMULATION

Cutting Edge of Surgical Therapies for Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

BASILAR VENTRICULOPLASTY: CORCINCH AND LEFT VENTRICULAR RECONSTRUCTION

LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE

Cutting Edge of Transplantation Therapies

DONATION AFTER BRAIN DEATH OR DONATION AFTER CIRCULATORY DEATH

XENOTRANSPLANTATION

ORGAN TRANSPORT

NOVEL SCREENING TECHNIQUES FOR TRANSPLANT REJECTION: GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING

Conclusions and Future Directions

Index

 

An aparitie	noi 2024
Autor	JONATHAN MORENO, Benjamin Joseph Kopecky
Dimensiuni	127 x 203 x 17 mm
Editura	LWW
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9781975212520
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	432
Versiune digitala	DA