The Cleveland Clinic Cardiology Board Review Third Edition
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The Cleveland Clinic Cardiology Board Review Third Edition

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Cod produs/ISBN: 9781496399182

Disponibilitate: La comanda in 3-4 saptamani

Editura: LWW

Limba: Engleza

Nr. pagini: 950

Coperta: Paperback

Dimensiuni: 20.96 x 3.18 x 27.31 cm

An aparitie: 01/01/2022

 

Description:

Providing a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of every area of contemporary cardiovascular medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Cardiology Review is an excellent tool for learning and reviewing key concepts in major areas of cardiology. The ThirdEdition contains fully revised content, review questions used on the board exam. A new, easy-to-follow chapter template facilitates quick review and retention of the material.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

I: FUNDAMENTALS

1 How to Pass the Cardiovascular Disease Board Examination

GENERAL INFORMATION

FORMAT

HOW YOU ARE SCORED

TIPS

TEN PITFALLS TO AVOID

2 Cardiac Physical Examination

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

INSPECTION

ARTERIAL PULSE

Basic Principles

Disease States

Pulsus Alternans

Pulsus Paradoxus

Double-Peaked Pulse

Pulsus Tardus and Parvus

Anacrotic Pulse

Dicrotic Pulse

Osler Sign or Maneuver

Pulse Deficit

Radial-to-Femoral Delay

Pressure/Pulse Difference in Two Arms (>10 mm Hg Systolic)

Hill Sign

Mayne Sign

Traube Sign “Pistol Shot”

Corrigan Pulse: “Water-Hammer” Pulse

Duroziez Sign

JUGULAR VENOUS PULSE

Basic Principles

Jugular Venous Pressure

Jugular Venous Waveforms

Disease States

Other Miscellaneous Signs/Findings

PRECORDIAL MOTION

Basic Principles

Hypertrophy

Dilation

Disease States

FIRST HEART SOUND

Basic Principles

Intensity

Splitting

SECOND HEART SOUND

Basic Principles

Intensity

Single S2

Splitting

THIRD HEART SOUND

Basic Principles

FOURTH HEART SOUND

Basic Principles

EXTRA HEART SOUNDS

Diastole

Systole

Prosthetic Heart Sounds

Pacemaker Sounds

HEART MURMURS

Basic Principles

SYSTOLIC MURMURS

Systolic Murmurs: Ejection Type

Systolic Murmurs: Regurgitant Type

DIASTOLIC MURMURS

Mitral Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

Pulmonic Regurgitation

Tricuspid Stenosis

CONTINUOUS HEART SOUNDS

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

DYNAMIC AUSCULTATION

Respiration

Valsalva

Hemodynamic Maneuvers

Pharmacologic Agents

Post PVC

TYPICAL FINDINGS OF SPECIFIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS

Acute Myocardial Infarction

RV Infarction

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive CM

Cardiac Tamponade

Constrictive Pericarditis

Pulmonary Hypertension

Type A Aortic Dissection

Atrial Septal Defect

Ventricular Septal Defect

Expected “Normal” Findings during Pregnancy

Chapter 2 Review Questions and Answers

3 Cardiac Anatomy

THE PERICARDIUM

CARDIAC CHAMBERS

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

CARDIAC VALVES

Tricuspid Valve

Pulmonic Valve

Mitral Valve

Aortic Valve

GREAT VESSELS

Vena Cavae

Pulmonary Arteries

Pulmonary Veins

The Aorta

Coronary Arteries

Cardiac Veins

Cardiac Lymphatic System

THE CONDUCTING SYSTEM

Chapter 3 Review Questions and Answers

4 Cardiovascular Physiology: Flow–Volume Loops

DETERMINANTS OF MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE

Preload

Afterload

Contractility

Heart Rate

Myocardial Performance

GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE

Starling Law and Frank–Starling Curves

Force–Tension Curves

Pressure–Volume Loops

INTERPRETING THE PRESSURE–VOLUME LOOP

Ventricular Volumes

Intracardiac Pressures

Compliance

Elastance and Contractility

Stroke Work

SUMMARY OF THE ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ON THE COMPONENTS OF MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE

VALVULAR HEART DISEASE AND PRESSURE–VOLUME LOOPS

CARDIOMYOPATHY AND PRESSURE–VOLUME LOOPS

Chapter 4 Review Questions and Answers

5 Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology

MEMBRANE ACTION POTENTIAL

Sodium-Dependent Cells

Levels of Na+ Channel Activity Regulation

Myocardial Tissues That Have Calcium-Dependent AP versus Tissues with Sodium Channels

ELECTRICAL COUPLING CELLS (GAP JUNCTION)

CONDUCTION SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 5 Review Questions and Answers

6 Cardiac Biochemistry

CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS

β-Adrenergic Signaling

Ivabradine and the If Current

DIGITALIS AND THE NA+-K+ ATPASE

PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITION

RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AND NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE SYSTEM

NITRIC OXIDE

BIOCHEMISTRY OF INHERITED CARDIOMYOPATHIES

Chapter 6 Review Questions and Answers

7 Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics

CURRENT CONCEPTS AND ESSENTIAL FACTS

Types of Clinical Studies

Statistical Tests

Data Presentation and Reporting of Outcomes

Confounding and Interaction

Bias and Its Consequences

Causality and Validity

Chapter 7 Review Questions and Answers

II: CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING AND STRESS TESTING

8 Chest Radiography for the Cardiovascular Medicine Boards

BASIC APPROACH AND PROJECTIONS

PULMONARY VASCULAR PATTERNS

Pulmonary Vascular Patterns in Normal and Various Cardiovascular Disease States

Pulmonary Edema Patterns

CARDIOMEDIASTINAL SILHOUETTE PATTERNS

Normal Landmarks

Normal Cardiac Silhouette

Normal Size

Pectus Excavatum

Pericardial Cyst

Aortic Stenosis

Pseudocoarctation

Coarctation

Valvar Pulmonic Stenosis

Mitral Stenosis

Mitral Regurgitation

CALCIFICATION PATTERNS

Cardiac

Paracardiac

Calcific Constrictive Pericarditis

Left Atrial Wall Calcification

Mitral Annular Calcification

Calcified Post-MI Left Ventricular True Aneurysm

Coronary Artery Calcification

Chapter 8 Review Questions and Answers

9 Doppler Echocardiography

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND

INTERACTION OF ULTRASOUND WITH TISSUE

TRANSDUCERS

IMAGING MODALITIES

HARMONIC IMAGING

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

STRAIN IMAGING

IMAGING ARTIFACTS

PRINCIPLES OF FLOW

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF JETS

Chapter 9 Review Questions and Answers

10 Electrocardiographic Stress Testing

ESSENTIAL FACTS

ESSENTIAL EVIDENCE/CURRENT GUIDELINES

SAFETY

INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS TO EXERCISE ECG STRESS TESTING

METHODS OF TESTING

DIAGNOSTIC INTERPRETATION

PROGNOSTIC INTERPRETATION

EXERCISE ECG STRESS TESTING IN WOMEN

METABOLIC GAS-EXCHANGE ANALYSES

SUMMARY

Chapter 10 Review Questions and Answers

11 Stress Echocardiography

FORMS OF STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Exercise Echocardiography

Pharmacologic Stress Echocardiography

IMAGING TECHNIQUE

INTERPRETATION OF STRESS ECHO

USES FOR STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Diagnosis of CAD

Prognostic Role

Role of DSE to Assess Viability

Stress Echocardiography for Assessment of Diastolic Function

Stress Echo in Nonischemic Cardiac Conditions

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 11 Review Questions and Answers

12 Nuclear Cardiac Imaging: A Primer

CARDIAC RADIOACTIVE TRACERS

SPECT Perfusion Agents

Technetium-99m-Labeled Agents

Thallium-201 Chloride

PET Tracers of Myocardial Perfusion

Rubidium-82

Nitrogen-13 Ammonia

Oyxgen-15 Water

PET Tracers of Myocardial Metabolism

Miscellaneous Cardiac Tracers

OVERVIEW OF NUCLEAR IMAGING

BASIC OF CARDIAC SPECT IMAGING

CARDIAC PET IMAGING

STRESS PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEAR PERFUSION IMAGING

INTERPRETATION OF MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGES

CLINICAL USE OF MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING

PET MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW QUANTIFICATION

PET METABOLIC IMAGING FOR MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY

NUCLEAR IMAGING IN ACUTE CHEST PAIN

NUCLEAR IMAGING POST-MI AND POSTREVASCULARIZATION

NUCLEAR IMAGING IN HEART FAILURE

SPECT Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis

PET Imaging in Cardiac Sarcoidosis

PET IMAGING IN INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY

SUMMARY

Chapter 12 Review Questions and Answers

13 Cardiac MRI and CT

CARDIAC MRI

Technical Considerations

Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media Agents

Selected Clinical Applications

Limitations of Cardiac MRI

CARDIAC CT

Indications

Technical Considerations

Selected Clinical Applications

Limitations of Cardiac CT

EVALUATION OF CARDIAC MASSES BY CT AND MRI

Chapter 13 Review Questions and Answers

III: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE AND CARDIOMYOPATHY

14 Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE SYNDROME

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEART FAILURE SYNDROME

PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF HEART FAILURE

Hemodynamics and Cardiac Output in Heart Failure

Pressure–Volume Loop Analysis in Heart Failure

ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO HEART FAILURE SYNDROME

Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction

Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Dysfunction

Abnormal Cellular or Molecular Mechanisms

Ventricular Remodeling and Reverse Remodeling

Counterregulatory Systems (Natriuretic Peptides)

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Renal Retention of Salt and Water

Peripheral Vascular and Skeletal Muscle Adaptations in Heart Failure

SUMMARY

Chapter 14 Review Questions and Answers

15 Medical Treatment of Heart Failure

LIFESTYLE MEASURES

Sodium Restriction

Fluid Restriction

Exercise

Comorbid Conditions

MEDICAL THERAPY IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Neurohormonal Blockade

Other Vasodilators

Digitalis Glycosides

Treatment of Related Conditions

MEDICAL THERAPY IN ACUTE DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE

Admission to Hospital

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring

Decongestion

Vasodilators

Inotropes

MEDICATIONS TO AVOID IN HEART FAILURE

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Calcium Channel Blockers

Antiarrhythmic Medications

Oral Hypoglycemics

Chemotherapy Agents

MONITORING AND FOLLOW-UP

Disease Management Programs

Implantable Hemodynamic Monitors

Chapter 15 Review Questions and Answers

16 Heart Transplantation

ORGAN ALLOCATION

THE DONOR

THE RECIPIENT

POSTTRANSPLANT MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Rejection

Immunosuppressive Strategies

Immunosuppressant Agents

Calcineurin Inhibitors

Antiproliferative Agents

TOR Inhibitors

Corticosteroids

Combination Regimen

HEART TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS

Infection

Viral Infections

Fungal Infections

Protozoal Infections

Malignancies

Chronic Renal Dysfunction

Hypertension

Hyperlipidemia

Tricuspid Regurgitation

Osteoporosis

Survival

Chapter 16 Review Questions and Answers

17 Devices for Heart Failure

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT DEVICES

TYPES OF MECHANICAL SUPPORT DEVICES

COMPONENTS AND CONFIGURATIONS OF MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY ASSIST DEVICES

PATIENT SELECTION

Age

Body Habitus

Renal Function

Pulmonary Function

Hepatic Function

Coagulation Abnormalities

Infectious Concerns

Arrhythmias

Pulmonary Hypertension

Right Ventricular Function

Anatomic Considerations

Nutritional Status

Neurologic Function

Malignancies

Psychiatric Conditions

Social Evaluation

ASSESSMENT OF OPERATIVE RISK

OUTCOMES AFTER CIRCULATORY SUPPORT IMPLANTATION

CLINICAL TRIALS OF DEVICE THERAPY

CONCLUSION

HOW TO PREPARE FOR THE BOARDS

Chapter 17 Review Questions and Answers

18 Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

MYOCARDITIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION

ETIOLOGIES AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

EVALUATION

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

SPECIFIC FORMS OF CARDIOMYOPATHY RELATED TO MYOCARDITIS

Chagas Heart Disease

Giant Cell Myocarditis

Hypersensitive/Eosinophilic Myocarditis

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Inherited Forms of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR–RELATED MYOCARDITIS

Chapter 18 Review Questions and Answers

19 Pulmonary Hypertension

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary Hypertension Owing to Left Heart Disease

Pulmonary Hypertension Owing to Lung Diseases and/or Hypoxia

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Other Pulmonary Artery Obstructions

Pulmonary Hypertension with Unclear or Multifactorial Mechanisms

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Prostacyclin and Thromboxane A2

Endothelin-1

Nitric Oxide

Other Vascular Effectors

Hemodynamic Consequences

DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION

Clinical Evaluation

Echocardiography

Other (Imaging) Studies

Hemodynamic Evaluation

PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

General Measures

Pulmonary Vasodilators

Prostacyclin Pathway

Endothelin Pathway

Nitric Oxide Pathway

COMBINATION THERAPY

SURGICAL THERAPIES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF PH CLINICAL TRIALS:

Chapter 19 Review Questions and Answers

20 Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

PHYSIOLOGY OF DIASTOLE

PHASES OF DIASTOLE

Isovolumic Relaxation Phase

Rapid Filling Phase

Diastasis (Slow Filling) Phase

Atrial Systole Phase

DETERMINANTS OF DIASTOLIC FUNCTION

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

LABORATORY EXAMINATION

ECG

Radiography

Echocardiography

PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT OF DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE

RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHIES

Primary Restrictive Cardiomyopathies

Secondary Restrictive Cardiomyopathies

Chapter 20 Review Questions and Answers

21 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

PREVALENCE AND DEFINITION

CLASSIFICATION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY

SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL COURSE

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Labs, Chest X-Ray, and Electrocardiogram

Echocardiography

Transthoracic Echocardiogram—Distinguishing HCM from Athlete’s Heart

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance

Cardiac Catheterization

GENETICS OF HCM

SCREENING OF FAMILY MEMBERS

THERAPY

Medical Therapy

Septal Myectomy

Percutaneous Alcohol Septal Ablation

Permanent Pacemaker Implantation

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS PROPHYLAXIS

SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH

HCM AND ATHLETICS

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HCM

HCM AND PREGNANCY

NONOBSTRUCTIVE HCM

HCM CENTERS

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 21 Review Questions and Answers

IV: CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

22 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult

TYPES OF CONGENITAL LESIONS

Shunt Lesions

Stenotic Lesions

Complex Lesions

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Chapter 22 Review Questions and Answers

23 Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS

Primum Atrial Septal Defect

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect

Coronary Sinus Atrial Septal Defect

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT

BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE

SUBAORTIC AORTIC STENOSIS

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

COARCTATION OF THE AORTA

PULMONIC STENOSIS

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

EBSTEIN ANOMALY OF THE TRICUSPID VALVE

TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES

OPERATIONS FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Chapter 23 Review Questions and Answers

V: CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

24 Twelve-Lead Electrocardiography

BOARD PREPARATION

A RECOMMENDED APPROACH TO ELECTROCARDIOGRAM INTERPRETATION

Assess the Standardization and Identify the Recorded Leads Accurately

Determine the Atrial and Ventricular Rates and Rhythms

Determine if Cardiac Chamber Enlargement or Hypertrophy Is Present

Assess the P-Wave, QRS-Complex, and T-Wave Morphologies

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #1

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #2

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #3

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #4

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #5

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #6

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #7

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #8

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #9

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #10

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #11

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #12

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #13

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #14

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #15

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #16

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #17

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #18

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #19

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #20

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #21

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #22

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnosis

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #23

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #24

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #25

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #26

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #27

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #28

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #29

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #30

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #31

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #32

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #33

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #34

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #35

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #36

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #37

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #38

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #39

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #40

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #41

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #42

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #43

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #44

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #45

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #46

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #47

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #48

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #49

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #50

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #51

Clinical History

Electrocardiogram Interpretation

Commentary

Keyword Diagnoses

25 Electrophysiologic Testing, Including His Bundle and Other Intracardiac Electrograms

INDICATIONS FOR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TESTING

THE BASICS OF ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY STUDIES

Intracardiac Electrograms

Cycle Lengths versus Rates

Baseline Intervals

Normal Activation Sequences

Pacing Drive Trains and Extrastimuli

Refractory Periods

BRADYARRHYTHMIA EVALUATION BY EPS

SINUS NODE FUNCTION

ASSESSMENT OF AV CONDUCTION

Baseline AV Conduction

AV BLOCK: AV NODE VERSUS INFRA-HISIAN BLOCK

ASSESSMENT OF AV NODE PHYSIOLOGY

INCREMENTAL VENTRICULAR PACING

TACHYARRHYTHMIA EVALUATION BY EPS

Ventricular Tachycardia

Supraventricular Tachycardia

MAPPING DURING ABLATION

SUMMARY

Chapter 25 Review Questions and Answers

26 Sudden Cardiac Death and Ventricular Tachycardia

DEFINITION OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH

RISK FACTORS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

NONISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Myocarditis

Noncompaction of the Left Ventricle

Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

INHERITED AND ACQUIRED CHANNELOPATHIES

Long-QT Syndrome

Brugada Syndrome

Short-QT Syndrome

Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation

OTHER CARDIAC CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SUDDEN DEATH

Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome

Valvular Heart Disease

EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT

Sudden Cardiac Death Survivors

VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

Coronary Artery Disease

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Ventricular Tachycardia and the Structurally Normal Heart

Chapter 26 Review Questions and Answers

27 Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Prevalence

Incidence

FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY

Survival

Stroke/Thromboembolism

Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Symptoms and Hemodynamics

PATHOGENESIS

Atrial Flutter Reentrant Mechanism

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DEFINITIONS

EVALUATION

History

Documentation of Atrial Fibrillation and Initiation

Diagnostic Testing

MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Treatment Strategies

Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management

Control of Ventricular Rate

NONPHARMACOLOGIC RATE CONTROL

Complete AV Junction Ablation

RESTORATION OF SINUS RHYTHM

Electrical Cardioversion

Pharmacologic Conversion

Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm

CLASS IA ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS

Quinidine

Procainamide

Disopyramide

CLASS IB ANTIARRHYTHMIC

CLASS IC ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS

Flecainide

Propafenone

CLASS III ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS

Amiodarone

Sotalol

Dofetilide

Dronedarone

Ranolazine

ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUG SELECTION

Approach to Antiarrhythmic Drug Selection

INPATIENT VERSUS OUTPATIENT INITIATION OF ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS

STROKE PREVENTION IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Stroke and Thromboembolic Risk in AF

CHA2DS2-VASc SCORE

Recommendations for Anticoagulation in Patients Undergoing Cardioversion

LONG-TERM ANTICOAGULATION FOR STROKE PREVENTION IN AF

Warfarin

Aspirin

Dabigatran

Rivaroxaban

Apixaban

NONPHARMACOLOGIC STROKE PREVENTION IN AF

NONPHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND FLUTTER

AV NODE ABLATION

CATHETER ABLATION OF ATRIAL ARRHYTHMIAS

ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Pulmonary Vein Isolation

Maze Procedure

Pacemaker Therapy

Chapter 27 Review Questions and Answers

28 Supraventricular Tachycardias

SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA: A STEPWISE APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS

AV NODE–DEPENDENT TACHYCARDIAS: AVNRT AND AVRT

AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

AV Reciprocating Tachycardia and Ventricular Preexcitation (Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome)

ATRIAL-DEPENDENT ARRHYTHMIAS

Atrial Tachycardia

Atrial Flutter

SINUS-DEPENDENT ARRHYTHMIAS

SUMMARY

Chapter 28 Review Questions and Answers

29 Wide Complex Tachycardia: Ventricular Tachycardia versus Supraventricular Tachycardia

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

DIAGNOSIS

Clinical Presentation

Provocative Maneuvers

ECG Criteria

ALGORITHMS

SPECIAL CASES

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 29 Review Questions and Answers

30 Pacemakers and Defibrillators

CARDIAC PACING

Indications

Temporary Pacing

Permanent Pacing

Device Features

Basic Concepts of Impulses and Timing

Programming

Troubleshooting and Complications

IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER–DEFIBRILLATORS

Indications

Devices

Lead Systems

Implantation

Device Function

Detection Criteria

Therapies—Antitachycardia Pacing

Therapies—Cardioversion and Defibrillation

Troubleshooting

SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT ISSUES FOR THE BOARD EXAMINATION

ESSENTIAL FACTS

Chapter 30 Review Questions and Answers

31 Syncope

DEFINITION

PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

REFLEX SYNCOPE (NEURALLY MEDIATED)

SYNCOPE DUE TO ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION

POSTURAL (ORTHOSTATIC) TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME

CARDIAC SYNCOPE

DIAGNOSIS

Diagnostic Workup

TREATMENT

Managing Acute Episodes

Conservative/Nonpharmacologic Therapy

PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT

Other Agents

Pacemaker Implantation

PROGNOSIS AND FOLLOW-UP

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 31 Review Questions and Answers

VI: VALVULAR HEART DISEASE

32 Aortic and Pulmonary Valve Disease

NORMAL AORTIC VALVE ANATOMY

AORTIC STENOSIS

Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis

Etiologies of Aortic Stenosis

Clinical Findings in Aortic Stenosis

Invasive Assessment of the Aortic Stenosis

Classifications of Severity of Aortic Stenosis

Treatment of Patients with Aortic Stenosis

Aortic Valve Replacement

LOW-GRADIENT AORTIC STENOSIS VERSUS PSEUDOSTENOSIS

AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY

Pathophysiology of Aortic Insufficiency

Etiology of Aortic Insufficiency

Clinical Findings

Physical Exam

Key Diagnostic Studies

TREATMENT OF AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY

Acute Aortic Insufficiency

PULMONIC VALVE DISEASE

Pulmonic Stenosis

Pulmonary Insufficiency

Chapter 32 Review Questions and Answers

33 Mitral Valve and Tricuspid Valve Disease

MITRAL VALVE ANATOMY

MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE

ACUTE MITRAL REGURGITATION

CHRONIC MITRAL REGURGITATION

MECHANISM OF MITRAL REGURGITATION

QUANTITATION OF MITRAL REGURGITATION

MITRAL STENOSIS

TRICUSPID REGURGITATION

TRICUSPID STENOSIS

Chapter 33 Review Questions and Answers

34 Infective Endocarditis

DEFINITIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

RISK FACTORS

PATHOGENESIS

MICROBIOLOGY

CLINICAL FEATURES

DIAGNOSIS

The Duke Criteria

Blood Cultures

Role of PCR Amplification in Clinical Specimens

Echocardiography

Advanced Imaging Techniques

COMPLICATIONS

Cardiac

Neurological

Systemic

MEDICAL THERAPY

Caveats for the Uncommon Causes of IE

INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLANTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES

INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY IN INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

PROPHYLAXIS

EARLY DETECTION

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 34 Review Questions and Answers

35 Prosthetic Valve Disease

MECHANICAL VALVES

BIOPROSTHETIC VALVES

SELECTION OF VALVE TYPE

ANTICOAGULATION

Monitoring Prosthetic Valves with Echocardiography

Chapter 35 Review Questions and Answers

VII: CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

36 Evaluation of Chest Discomfort

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

HISTORY

Characterizing Chest Discomfort

Typical and Atypical Syndromes

Medical History

Social, Family, and Medication History

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING AND TRIAGE

Electrocardiogram

Cardiac Biomarkers

Risk Scores

Chest Imaging

Echocardiography

Stress Testing

Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Coronary Angiography

SPECIAL POPULATIONS

Myocardial Infarction with Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries

Anomalous Coronary Artery

Repeat Testing

SUMMARY

Chapter 36 Review Questions and Answers

37 Coronary Artery Disease: Epidemiology

GLOBAL BURDEN

Global Temporal Trends in Coronary Artery Disease

BURDEN AND TEMPORAL TREND IN THE UNITED STATES

Unrecognized and Silent Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction

Age and Gender Variation

Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities

CAD in the Young

Prognosis and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death

Cost and Health Care Resource Utilization

RISK FACTORS

Traditional Modifiable Risk Factors

Nonconventional Risk Factors

SUMMARY

Chapter 37 Review Questions and Answers

38 Stable Angina: Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, Medical Therapy, and Revascularization Strategies

DEFINITION OF STABLE ANGINA

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STABLE ANGINA

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING/RISK STRATIFICATION

Electrocardiography

Exercise ECG Testing

Echocardiography

Stress Testing with Nuclear or Echocardiographic Imaging

Coronary Angiography

Summary

MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR STABLE ANGINA

Medical Therapy to Reduce Cardiovascular Events

Medical Therapy to Improve Symptoms

Summary

REVASCULARIZATION IN STABLE ANGINA PECTORIS

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting versus Medical Therapy

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Medical Therapy

PCI versus CABG in Single-Vessel CAD

PCI versus CABG in Multivessel CAD

PCI versus CABG for Patients with Left Main Trunk Stenosis

PCI versus CABG for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Summary

REFRACTORY ANGINA

Enhanced External Counterpulsation

Spinal Cord Stimulation

Chapter 38 Review Questions and Answers

39 Unstable Coronary Syndrome

TERMINOLOGY AND OVERVIEW

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PROGNOSIS

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CAUSES OF ANGINA

RISK STRATIFICATION

ECG

Biomarkers

Risk Scores

MANAGEMENT

Initial Approach

Invasive Therapy

Antiplatelet Agents

Anticoagulant Therapy

Anti-Ischemic Agents

Miscellaneous Agents

DISCHARGE PLANNING AND NONINVASIVE STRESS TESTING

SPECIAL PATIENT POPULATIONS

Elderly

Heart Failure/Cardiogenic Shock

Women

Anemia and Blood Transfusion

Substance Abuse—Cocaine

SUMMARY

Chapter 39 Review Questions and Answers

40 Acute Myocardial Infarction

INTRODUCTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

DIAGNOSIS

CLINICAL EXAMINATION

RISK STRATIFICATION

Killip Class, TIMI Risk Score, GRACE Score

MANAGEMENT

Regional STEMI Systems of Care

Reperfusion Therapy

Fibrinolytic Therapy

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Antiplatelet Agents

Antithrombotic Agents

Anti-Ischemic Agents

Secondary Prevention

CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Intraaortic Balloon Pump

Percutaneous Left Ventricular Assist Device

Temporary Right Ventricular Pacing

MECHANICAL COMPLICATIONS

Mitral Regurgitation

Ventricular Septal Rupture

Free Wall Rupture

Pericarditis

Left Ventricular Aneurysm

IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER–DEFIBRILLATOR IMPLANTATION IN PATIENTS AFTER STEMI

PREDISCHARGE RISK STRATIFICATION

SUMMARY

KEY POINTS

Chapter 40 Review Questions and Answers

41 Complications of Myocardial Infarction

LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION COMPLICATED BY CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Symptoms and Signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

VASOPRESSORS

SHORT-TERM CIRCULATORY SUPPORT DEVICES

MECHANICAL COMPLICATIONS

Ventricular Septal Defect

Acute Mitral Regurgitation from Papillary Muscle Rupture or Functional Mitral Regurgitation

Cardiac Free Wall Rupture

Pseudoaneurysm

Left Ventricular Aneurysm

ADDITIONAL COMPLICATIONS

Right Ventricular Infarction with Hemodynamic Compromise

Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

ARRHYTHMIC COMPLICATIONS

Bradyarrhythmias

Tachyarrhythmias

Chapter 41 Review Questions and Answers

42 Risk Stratification and Post–Myocardial Infarction Therapy

RISK STRATIFICATION FOR ST-ELEVATION MI

Initial Presentation

During Hospitalization

Predischarge Management

Non–ST-Elevation ACS

Non–ST-Elevation MI Risk Stratification

During Hospitalization and Predischarge Risk Stratification

POST–MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION THERAPY

Antiplatelet Therapy

Anticoagulation

Neurohormonal Blockade

Lipid Management

Risk Factor Management

CONCLUSION

Chapter 42 Review Questions and Answers

43 Radiation Safety in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory

BACKGROUND

RADIATION PRODUCTION

X-Ray Tube

Image Receptor

Generator

Operating Console

RADIATION DOSE ESTIMATION AND DISPLAYS

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

IONIZING RADIATION AND RADIATION EFFECTS

Deterministic Risk (Nonstochastic)

Stochastic Risk

RADIATION MANAGEMENT

Patient Radiation Management

Patient Distance to the Radiation Source and Distance to the Image Receptor

Path Length and Approach of the X-Ray Beam

Dose and Frame Rate Settings

Fluoroscopy Time and Number of Acquisitions

Use of Magnification

Collimation

Grid Use

Operator Radiation Management

REGULATORY RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

Chapter 43 Review Questions and Answers

44 Hemodynamic Measurements

PHYSICS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

BASIC INTRACARDIAC WAVEFORMS

Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure Waveforms

Pressure Wave Artifacts

Cardiac Output Measurement

The Fick Technique

Indicator Dilution Methods

Shunt Calculation

Vascular Resistance

CALCULATION OF VALVE ORIFICE AREA

Gorlin Formula

Hakki Formula

Aortic Valve Resistance

SPECIFIC HEMODYNAMIC EXAMPLES

Mitral Regurgitation

Mitral Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

Aortic Stenosis

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

Constrictive Physiology

PULMONARY ARTERY PULSATILITY INDEX

CARDIAC POWER OUTPUT

SUMMARY POINTS FOR THE BOARDS

Chapter 44 Review Questions and Answers

45 Catheterization Laboratory Imaging and Functional Assessment

PHYSIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN THE CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY

FRACTIONAL FLOW RESERVE

CORONARY INTRAVASCULAR IMAGING

Intravascular Ultrasound

Optical Coherence Tomography

IMAGING FOR STRUCTURAL CARDIAC INTERVENTIONS

Fluoroscopy

Transesophageal Echocardiography

Intracardiac Echocardiography

Multidetector Computed Tomography

Chapter 45 Review Questions and Answers

46 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

INDICATIONS AND APPROPRIATENESS OF PCI

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Stable Angina

Patients Who Are Undergoing PCI Post-CABG

ADJUNCT THERAPY FOR PCI

Antiplatelet Therapies

Antithrombin Therapies

COMPLICATIONS

Renal Failure

Bleeding

PERIPROCEDURAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF ANGIOGRAPHY AND PCI

Access

Catheters

Contrast Material

Stents

Chapter 46 Review Questions and Answers

VIII: AORTA/PERIPHERAL VASCULAR HEART DISEASE

47 Diseases of the Aorta

ANATOMY OF THE AORTA

PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES

Cystic Medial Degeneration

Atherosclerosis

Inflammatory Disorders

Trauma

AORTIC DISSECTION

Classification

Clinical Presentation

Diagnostic Testing

Management

Aortic Dissection in the Young

Chronic Aortic Dissection

Iatrogenic Aortic Dissection

INTRAMURAL HEMATOMA AND PENETRATING AORTIC ULCER

Intramural Hematoma

Penetrating Aortic Ulcer

Clinical Presentation

Management

AORTIC ANEURYSM

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

ATHEROMATOUS AORTIC DISEASE

Cholesterol Embolization Syndrome

INFLAMMATORY AORTITIS

Giant Cell Arteritis

Takayasu Arteritis

Syphilitic Aortitis

Other Inflammatory Aortitis

Mycotic Aneurysms

ESSENTIAL FACTS

Aortic Dissection

Intramural Hematoma and Penetrating Aortic Ulcer

Aortic Aneurysm

Atheromatous Aortic Disease

Chapter 47 Review Questions and Answers

48 Venous Thromboembolism

ESSENTIAL FACTS ABOUT VTE

RISK FACTORS FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM

D-Dimer Testing for Venous Thromboembolism

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS: CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS

OBJECTIVE TESTING FOR DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

Duplex Ultrasonography

Other DVT Imaging Modalities

PULMONARY EMBOLISM: CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS

OBJECTIVE TESTING FOR PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Echocardiography (Transthoracic and Transesophageal)

Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography

Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) Scintigraphy

Pulmonary Angiography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Laboratory Biomarkers in Pulmonary Embolism

Key Points in Diagnosis of VTE

TREATMENT OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM

CHOOSING AN ANTICOAGULANT FOR VTE TREATMENT

Unfractionated Heparin

Low Molecular Weight Heparins

Fondaparinux

Vitamin K Antagonists

Direct Oral Anticoagulants

THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY FOR VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM

OVERVIEW OF ACUTE VTE TREATMENT

Inferior Vena Cava Interruption (IVC Filters)

THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS

Chapter 48 Review Questions and Answers

49 Peripheral Artery Disease

DEFINITION

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS

PAD IS A MARKER OF INCREASED CARDIOVASCULAR RISK

NATURAL HISTORY OF PAD

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF PAD

Acute Limb Ischemia and Critical Limb Ischemia

Physical Examination Findings in Peripheral Arterial Disease

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR PAD

Ankle-Brachial Index

Imaging Studies for PAD

MANAGEMENT OF PAD: A THREE-PRONGED APPROACH

Foot Care and Ulcer Prevention

Prevention of Cardiovascular Events

Therapies to Improve Function and Quality of Life

EDUCATION ABOUT PAD

Chapter 49 Review Questions and Answers

50 Carotid Disease

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE

CAROTID AND ARCH ANATOMY

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Carotid Ultrasound

Carotid Intima–Media Thickness

Computed Tomography Angiography

Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Angiography

MEDICAL TREATMENT

Antiplatelet Therapy

Anticoagulant Therapy

Antihypertensive Therapy

Antihyperlipidemic Therapy

CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY

CAROTID ARTERY STENTING

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 50 Review Questions and Answers

IX: CLINICAL AND PREVENTATIVE CARDIOLOGY

51 Hallmarks of Primary and Secondary Hypertension

PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERTENSION

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Genetics of Hypertension

Significance of Systolic, Diastolic, and Pulse Pressure

INVESTIGATION AND DIAGNOSIS

Evaluation of Hypertension

RESISTANT HYPERTENSION

SECONDARY HYPERTENSION

Primary Aldosteronism

Cushing Syndrome

Pheochromocytoma

Renal Parenchymal Disease

Renovascular Disease

Hypertension in Women

Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders

Coarctation of the Aorta

TREATMENT

Clinical Approaches to Primary Hypertension Treatment

HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCIES

CONCLUSION

Chapter 51 Review Questions and Answers

52 The Dyslipidemias

LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS

Lipoprotein (a)

DIAGNOSIS OF DYSLIPIDEMIAS

CLASSIFICATION OF DYSLIPIDEMIAS

PRIMARY DYSLIPIDEMIAS

SECONDARY DYSLIPIDEMIAS

Hypertriglyceridemia

Low High-Density Lipoprotein

METABOLIC SYNDROME

TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR DYSLIPIDEMIAS: THERAPEUTIC LIFESTYLE CHANGES

TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR DYSLIPIDEMIAS: PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY

PCSK9 inhibition

Statin Intolerance

APHERESIS THERAPY

DIABETES AND LIPID MANAGEMENT

FUTURE LDIRECTIONS

Chapter 52 Review Questions and Answers

53 Preoperative Evaluation of Cardiac Patients for Noncardiac Surgery

PREOPERATIVE CARDIAC RISK ASSESSMENT

Clinical Markers of Increased Risk

Procedure-Specific Risks

Functional Capacity and Stress Testing for Preoperative Assessment of Risk

GENERAL APPROACH TO SUCCESSFUL PERIOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF CARDIAC PATIENTS UNDERGOING NONCARDIAC SURGERY

MANAGEMENT OF OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS

Hypertension

Valvular Heart Disease

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

PERIOPERATIVE MEDICAL THERAPY

PERIOPERATIVE CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND MYOCARDIAL INJURY AFTER NONCARDIAC SURGERY

AREAS OF CONTROVERSY AND FURTHER RESEARCH

SUMMARY

Chapter 53 Review Questions and Answers

54 Pregnancy and Heart Disease

NORMAL PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

ASSESSMENT OF RISK IN PATIENTS WITH PREEXISTING CARDIAC DISEASE

Planning for Optimal Maternal and Fetal Outcomes

Specific Congenital or Acquired Cardiac Lesions

CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS ACQUIRED DURING OR AFTER PREGNANCY

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

Hypertension in Pregnancy

Coronary Artery Disease

Arrhythmias in Pregnancy

Abnormal Glucose Regulation during Pregnancy

ANTICOAGULATION DURING PREGNANCY

Chapter 54 Review Questions and Answers

55 Women and Heart Disease

EPIDEMIOLOGY/SCOPE OF PROBLEM

TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Diabetes

Elevated Cholesterol

Hypertension

Smoking

Obesity and Lifestyle Considerations

RISK FACTORS SPECIFIC TO WOMEN

Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertension

Gestational Diabetes

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Early Menopause

Hormone Replacement Therapy

GUIDELINES FOR HEART DISEASE PREVENTION IN WOMEN

CAD IN WOMEN

CAD TREATMENT RESULTS

NONINVASIVE EVALUATION OF WOMEN SUSPECTED OF HAVING CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

EXERCISE ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS

CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY

STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (ECHO)

RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING

CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

WOMEN AND HEART FAILURE

Survival

Treatment

Chapter 55 Review Questions and Answers

56 Pericardial Diseases

ACUTE PERICARDITIS

Presentation and Diagnosis

Etiology

Treatment

Beyond the Acute Episode

PERICARDIAL EFFUSION AND CARDIAC TAMPONADE

Presentation and Diagnosis

Etiology

Treatment

CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

Presentation and Diagnosis

EFFUSIVE–CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

Treatment

Chapter 56 Review Questions and Answers

57 Effects of Systemic Diseases on the Heart and Cardiovascular System

INHERITED DISORDERS/GENETIC SYNDROMES

Marfan Syndrome

Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome

Noonan Syndrome

Williams Syndrome

Osler–Weber–Rendu Syndrome

NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS

Muscular Dystrophy

Friedrich Ataxia

Myotonic Dystrophy

Kearns–Sayre Syndrome

Myasthenia Gravis

Guillain–Barré Syndrome

ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISORDERS

Acromegaly

Cushing Syndrome

Hyperaldosteronism/Conn Syndrome

Adrenal Insufficiency

CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND ASSOCIATED VASCULAR DISORDERS

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies

Polymyositis

Scleroderma/CREST Syndrome

Takayasu Arteritis

Fibromuscular Dysplasia

Vasculitis Affecting Small to Medium-Sized Vessels

Sarcoidosis

Relapsing Polychondritis

Behçet Disease

HEMATOLOGIC/ONCOLOGIC DISORDERS

Iron Overload

Anemia

Polycythemia

Neoplastic Disease

External-Beam Radiation Therapy

Chemotherapy

RENAL FAILURE

HIV

SUMMARY

Chapter 57 Review Questions and Answers

58 Cardiac Neoplasms

BENIGN TUMORS

Myxomas

Papillary Fibroelastoma

Other Benign Primary Cardiac Tumors

MALIGNANT TUMORS

SECONDARY CARDIAC TUMORS

Renal Cell Carcinoma

CARCINOID HEART DISEASE

Chapter 58 Review Questions and Answers

X: PHARMACOLOGY

59 Cardiovascular Drug Interactions

OVERVIEW OF DRUG–DRUG INTERACTIONS

Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions

Pharmacodynamic Drug–Drug Interactions

FOOD AND NATURAL PRODUCTS DRUG INTERACTIONS

SUMMARY

Chapter 59 Review Questions and Answers

XI: MISCELLANEOUS

60 Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Defect Closure

EMBRYOLOGY

PATENT FORAMEN OVALE

Pathophysiology

Presentation

Diagnosis

Management

Percutaneous Closure

Postprocedural Care

Outcomes

Follow-up

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS

Pathophysiology

Presentation

Diagnosis

Management

Outcomes

Follow-up

61 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

CURRENT INDICATIONS FOR TAVR

TAVR DEVICES APPROVED IN THE UNITED STATES

EVIDENCE SUPPORTING USE OF TAVR

Inoperable Patients

High–Surgical-Risk Patients

Intermediate Surgical Risk

Low Surgical Risk

Access Routes for TAVR

Take Away Messages

EXPANDING INDICATIONS FOR TAVR

Valve-In-Valve TAVR

TAVR for Bicuspid AS

TAVR for Aortic Regurgitation

New Frontiers—Asymptomatic Severe AS and Moderate AS with Low EF

POST-TAVR MANAGEMENT

TAVR Complications

Valve Durability

DAPT Duration

Hypoattenuation and Leaflet Thickening After TAVR

SBE Prophylaxis

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Chapter 61 Review Questions and Answers

62 Percutaneous Mitral Interventions

PERCUTANEOUS TRANSVENOUS MITRAL VALVULOPLASTY

TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE REPAIR

Degenerative MR

Functional MR

TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT

Valve in Valve/Valve in Ring/Valve in MAC

LVOT Obstruction

Devices for Native TMVR

CONCLUSION

Chapter 62 Review Questions and Answers

63 Genetics and Heart Disease

GENETIC PRINCIPLES

Chapter 63 Review Questions and Answers

64 Summary of Important Guidelines

GUIDELINES

GENERAL CARDIOLOGY

INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

CARDIAC IMAGING

Cardiovascular Computed Tomography

Echocardiography

ADULT CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

65 Sports Cardiology

HIGH-YIELD SUMMARY

ATHLETE’S HEART

SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN ATHLETES

PREPARTICIPATION SCREENING

ECG INTERPRETATION IN ATHLETES

MANAGEMENT OF ATHLETES WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Cardiomyopathies

Arrhythmias

Valvular Disease

Other Cardiovascular Conditions

Chapter 65 Review Questions and Answers

66 Cardio-oncology

CANCER THERAPEUTICS–RELATED CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION

Clinical Presentations of CTRCD

BASELINE CARDIOVASCULAR ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING

PREVENTION OF CTRCD

CARDIOPROTECTIVE MEDICAL THERAPY

CANCER AND VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE

RADIATION-ASSOCIATED CARDIAC DISEASE

SCREENING GUIDELINES AND MULTIMODALITY IMAGING IN RACD

Chapter 66 Review Questions and Answers

Appendix (Common Formulae)

BASIC HEMODYNAMICS

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC HEMODYNAMICS

Abbreviations

Index

 


An aparitie 01/01/2022
Autor Brian P. Griffin, Samir R. Kapadia MD, FACC, Venugopal Menon
Dimensiuni 20.96 x 3.18 x 27.31 cm
Editura LWW
Format Paperback
ISBN 9781496399182
Limba Engleza
Nr pag 950

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