Parasitology – An Integrated Approach, 2nd Edition

Description

Parasitology

Highly detailed textbook on parasites and parasite relationships

The fully revised edition of Parasitology: An Integrated Approach holds true to its engaging and easy-to-read approach. It comprehensively covers the complex and dynamic interaction between the parasite and its host ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. Following an integrated approach, the authors explain how the study of parasites requires an understanding of biological concepts such as growth and reproduction, molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology. In this second edition, they further address parasites and parasite relationships in the grand scheme of global changes and their impact.

This textbook also reviews the often-neglected positive aspects of parasite infections and how humans have used parasites for their own advantage.

Parasitology: An Integrated Approach, 2^nd edition includes supplementary learning resources such as self-assessment quizzes, practical exercises, and an extensive collection of photographs.

• Now includes parasite life cycles in colour
• Strong focus on parasite interactions with other pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
• Discusses major advancements in the field of parasite diagnostics
• Additional image material and learning resources (quizzes, practical exercises) provided online

A valuable and comprehensive learning resource for undergraduate students in the biological, biomedical and veterinary sciences and in medicine. It is also of interest to postgraduates and professionals with an interest including but not limited to parasitology, animal welfare, ecology, and medical microbiology.

Table of Contents

Preface xv

About the Companion Website xvii

1 Animal Associations and the Importance of Parasites 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Animal Associations 1

1.3 Parasite Hosts 10

1.4 Zoonotic Infections 13

1.5 The Co-evolution of Parasites and Their Hosts 13

1.6 Parasitism as a 'Lifestyle': Advantages and Limitations 17

1.7 The Economic Cost of Parasitic Diseases 18

1.8 Why Parasitic Diseases Remain a Problem 22

2 Taxonomy 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Viruses: A Special (Unresolved) Case 28

2.3 Taxonomic Hierarchy 28

2.4 Kingdom Protista 30

2.5 Kingdom Animalia 31

3 Parasitic Protozoa Part A: Phyla Rhizopoda, Metamonada, Apicomplexa 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Phylum Rhizopoda 34

3.3 Phylum Metamonada 42

3.4 Phylum Apicomplexa 49

3.5 Subclass Coccidiasina 60

4 Parasitic Protozoa Part B: Phylum Kinetoplastida; Parasitic Algae and Fungi 74

4.1 Introduction 74

4.2 Phylum Kinetoplastida 74

4.3 Phylum Chlorophyta 96

4.4 Kingdom Fungi 97

5 Platyhelminth and Acanthocephalan Parasites 101

5.1 Introduction 101

5.2 Phylum Platyhelminthes 101

5.3 Class Cestoda 125

5.4 Phylum Acanthocephala 145

6 Nematode Parasites 148

6.1 Introduction 148

6.2 Class Enoplea 150

6.3 Class Rhabdita 156

7 Arthropod Parasites 182

7.1 Introduction 182

7.2 Phylum Chelicerata 183

7.3 Phylum Crustacea 194

7.4 Subphylum Hexapoda 200

8 Parasite Transmission 229

8.1 Introduction 229

8.2 Contaminative Transmission 230

8.3 Transmission Associated with Reproduction 234

8.4 Autoinfection 239

8.5 Nosocomial Transmission 239

8.6 Active Parasite Transmission 240

8.7 Hosts and Vectors 241

8.8 Host Factors 246

8.9 Co-Transmission and Interactions Between Pathogens 254

8.10 Environmental Factors 256

9 Immune Reactions to Parasitic Infections 261

9.1 Introduction 261

9.2 Invertebrate Immunity 262

9.3 Vertebrate Immunity 265

9.4 Innate Immunity to Parasites 272

9.5 Adaptive Immune Reactions to Parasites 275

9.6 Microbiomes and Host Immune Reactions to Parasites 277

9.7 Avoiding the Host Immune Response 278

9.8 Immunity to Malaria 284

9.9 Schistosoma spp. and Hepatitis C Virus Interactions 289

9.10 HIV-AIDS and Parasitic Infections 289

10 Pathology Part A: Factors Influencing Pathogenesis, How Parasites Cause Pathology, Types of Pathology 295

10.1 Introduction 296

10.2 Factors Influencing Pathogenesis 296

10.3 Mechanisms By Which Parasites Cause Pathology 298

10.4 Types of Pathology 300

11 Pathology Part B: Damage to Specific Organs; Co-Infections and Pathogenesis 322

11.1 Introduction 322

11.2 Damage to Specific Organs 322

11.3 Co-Infections and Pathogenesis 344

12 The Useful Parasite 347

12.1 Introduction: The Goodness of Parasites? 347

12.2 The Importance of Parasites for the Maintenance of a Healthy Immune System 348

12.3 The Use of Parasites to Treat Medical Conditions 355

12.4 Parasites as Sources of Novel Pharmaceutically Active Substances 366

12.5 Parasites as Biological Control Agents 369

12.6 Parasites as Forensic Indicators 372

13 The Identification of Protozoan and Helminth Parasites 375

13.1 Laboratory Testing for Parasitic Infections: Introduction 375

13.2 Importance of Correct Identification 376

13.3 Properties of an Ideal Diagnostic Test 377

13.4 Isolation of Parasites 379

13.5 Identification from Gross Morphology 382

13.6 Biochemical Techniques for Identification 386

13.7 Immunological Techniques for Identification 387

13.8 Molecular Techniques for Identification 389

13.9 Diagnostic Testing of Parasitic Infections Outside the Laboratory: Introduction 393

14 Parasite Treatment 403

14.1 Introduction 403

14.2 The Ideal Antiparasitic Drug 403

14.3 Pharmaceutical Drugs 409

14.4 DNA/RNA Technology 411

14.5 Molecular Chaperones (Heat Shock Proteins) 414

14.6 Nanotechnology 415

14.7 Quantum Dots 417

14.8 Natural Remedies 417

14.9 Homeopathy 421

15 Parasite Vaccines 422

15.1 Introduction 422

15.2 The Design and Use of Vaccines 423

15.3 Herd Immunity 423

15.4 Factors Limiting the Production of Commercial Antiparasitic Vaccines 424

15.5 Properties of an Ideal Vaccine 424

15.6 Types of Vaccine 426

15.7 Identification of Antigens for Use in Anti-parasite Vaccines 432

15.8 Vaccine Delivery 433

15.9 Vaccines Against Malaria 434

15.10 Nanobodies (Single Domain Antibodies) 435

15.11 Problems with Vaccination Strategies 435

16 Parasite Control 437

16.1 Introduction 437

16.2 Eradication, Elimination, and Control 439

16.3 Education 441

16.4 Environmental Modification and Cultural Control 442

16.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Technology 444

16.6 Whether to Treat the Individual or the Population 445

16.7 Piggy-Backing Control Programmes 447

16.8 Disruptions to Control Programmes 447

16.9 Role of Governments, Foundations, and Aid Organisations 449

References 452

Index 521