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The Cleveland Clinic Cardiology Board Review

by Brian P. Griffin, Samir R. Kapadia MD, FACC, Venugopal Menon

Fii primul care da un review!

640 Lei 560 Lei(TVA inclus)
Livrare gratis la comenzi peste 500 RON. Pentru celelalte comenzi livrarea este 20 RON.

Cod produs/ISBN: 9781496399182

Disponibilitate: La comanda in 3-4 saptamani

Autor: Brian P. Griffin, Samir R. Kapadia MD, FACC, Venugopal Menon

Editura: LWW

Limba: Engleza

Nr. pagini: 950

Coperta: Paperback

Dimensiuni: 20.96 x 3.18 x 27.31 cm

An aparitie: 01/01/2022

Descriere
Comentarii / Reviews

Description:

Providing a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of every area of contemporary cardiovascular medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Cardiology Review is an excellent tool for learning and reviewing key concepts in major areas of cardiology. The ThirdEdition contains fully revised content, review questions used on the board exam. A new, easy-to-follow chapter template facilitates quick review and retention of the material.

Table of Contents:

I: FUNDAMENTALS

1 How to Pass the Cardiovascular Disease Board Examination

GENERAL INFORMATION

FORMAT

HOW YOU ARE SCORED

TIPS

TEN PITFALLS TO AVOID

2 Cardiac Physical Examination

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

INSPECTION

ARTERIAL PULSE

Basic Principles

Disease States

Pulsus Alternans

Pulsus Paradoxus

Double-Peaked Pulse

Pulsus Tardus and Parvus

Anacrotic Pulse

Dicrotic Pulse

Osler Sign or Maneuver

Pulse Deficit

Radial-to-Femoral Delay

Pressure/Pulse Difference in Two Arms (>10 mm Hg Systolic)

Hill Sign

Mayne Sign

Traube Sign “Pistol Shot”

Corrigan Pulse: “Water-Hammer” Pulse

Duroziez Sign

JUGULAR VENOUS PULSE

Basic Principles

Jugular Venous Pressure

Jugular Venous Waveforms

Disease States

Other Miscellaneous Signs/Findings

PRECORDIAL MOTION

Basic Principles

Hypertrophy

Dilation

Disease States

FIRST HEART SOUND

Basic Principles

Intensity

Splitting

SECOND HEART SOUND

Basic Principles

Intensity

Single S2

Splitting

THIRD HEART SOUND

Basic Principles

FOURTH HEART SOUND

Basic Principles

EXTRA HEART SOUNDS

Diastole

Systole

Prosthetic Heart Sounds

Pacemaker Sounds

HEART MURMURS

Basic Principles

SYSTOLIC MURMURS

Systolic Murmurs: Ejection Type

Systolic Murmurs: Regurgitant Type

DIASTOLIC MURMURS

Mitral Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

Pulmonic Regurgitation

Tricuspid Stenosis

CONTINUOUS HEART SOUNDS

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

DYNAMIC AUSCULTATION

Respiration

Valsalva

Hemodynamic Maneuvers

Pharmacologic Agents

Post PVC

TYPICAL FINDINGS OF SPECIFIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS

Acute Myocardial Infarction

RV Infarction

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive CM

Cardiac Tamponade

Constrictive Pericarditis

Pulmonary Hypertension

Type A Aortic Dissection

Atrial Septal Defect

Ventricular Septal Defect

Expected “Normal” Findings during Pregnancy

Chapter 2 Review Questions and Answers

3 Cardiac Anatomy

THE PERICARDIUM

CARDIAC CHAMBERS

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

CARDIAC VALVES

Tricuspid Valve

Pulmonic Valve

Mitral Valve

Aortic Valve

GREAT VESSELS

Vena Cavae

Pulmonary Arteries

Pulmonary Veins

The Aorta

Coronary Arteries

Cardiac Veins

Cardiac Lymphatic System

THE CONDUCTING SYSTEM

Chapter 3 Review Questions and Answers

4 Cardiovascular Physiology: Flow–Volume Loops

DETERMINANTS OF MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE

Preload

Afterload

Contractility

Heart Rate

Myocardial Performance

GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE

Starling Law and Frank–Starling Curves

Force–Tension Curves

Pressure–Volume Loops

INTERPRETING THE PRESSURE–VOLUME LOOP

Ventricular Volumes

Intracardiac Pressures

Compliance

Elastance and Contractility

Stroke Work

SUMMARY OF THE ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ON THE COMPONENTS OF MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE

VALVULAR HEART DISEASE AND PRESSURE–VOLUME LOOPS

CARDIOMYOPATHY AND PRESSURE–VOLUME LOOPS

Chapter 4 Review Questions and Answers

5 Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology

MEMBRANE ACTION POTENTIAL

Sodium-Dependent Cells

Levels of Na+ Channel Activity Regulation

Myocardial Tissues That Have Calcium-Dependent AP versus Tissues with Sodium Channels

ELECTRICAL COUPLING CELLS (GAP JUNCTION)

CONDUCTION SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 5 Review Questions and Answers

6 Cardiac Biochemistry

CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS

β-Adrenergic Signaling

Ivabradine and the If Current

DIGITALIS AND THE NA+-K+ ATPASE

PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITION

RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AND NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE SYSTEM

NITRIC OXIDE

BIOCHEMISTRY OF INHERITED CARDIOMYOPATHIES

Chapter 6 Review Questions and Answers

7 Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics

CURRENT CONCEPTS AND ESSENTIAL FACTS

Types of Clinical Studies

Statistical Tests

Data Presentation and Reporting of Outcomes

Confounding and Interaction

Bias and Its Consequences

Causality and Validity

Chapter 7 Review Questions and Answers

II: CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING AND STRESS TESTING

8 Chest Radiography for the Cardiovascular Medicine Boards

BASIC APPROACH AND PROJECTIONS

PULMONARY VASCULAR PATTERNS

Pulmonary Vascular Patterns in Normal and Various Cardiovascular Disease States

Pulmonary Edema Patterns

CARDIOMEDIASTINAL SILHOUETTE PATTERNS

Normal Landmarks

Normal Cardiac Silhouette

Normal Size

Pectus Excavatum

Pericardial Cyst

Aortic Stenosis

Pseudocoarctation

Coarctation

Valvar Pulmonic Stenosis

Mitral Stenosis

Mitral Regurgitation

CALCIFICATION PATTERNS

Cardiac

Paracardiac

Calcific Constrictive Pericarditis

Left Atrial Wall Calcification

Mitral Annular Calcification

Calcified Post-MI Left Ventricular True Aneurysm

Coronary Artery Calcification

Chapter 8 Review Questions and Answers

9 Doppler Echocardiography

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND

INTERACTION OF ULTRASOUND WITH TISSUE

TRANSDUCERS

IMAGING MODALITIES

HARMONIC IMAGING

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

STRAIN IMAGING

IMAGING ARTIFACTS

PRINCIPLES OF FLOW

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF JETS

Chapter 9 Review Questions and Answers

10 Electrocardiographic Stress Testing

ESSENTIAL FACTS

ESSENTIAL EVIDENCE/CURRENT GUIDELINES

SAFETY

INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS TO EXERCISE ECG STRESS TESTING

METHODS OF TESTING

DIAGNOSTIC INTERPRETATION

PROGNOSTIC INTERPRETATION

EXERCISE ECG STRESS TESTING IN WOMEN

METABOLIC GAS-EXCHANGE ANALYSES

SUMMARY

Chapter 10 Review Questions and Answers

11 Stress Echocardiography

FORMS OF STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Exercise Echocardiography

Pharmacologic Stress Echocardiography

IMAGING TECHNIQUE

INTERPRETATION OF STRESS ECHO

USES FOR STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Diagnosis of CAD

Prognostic Role

Role of DSE to Assess Viability

Stress Echocardiography for Assessment of Diastolic Function

Stress Echo in Nonischemic Cardiac Conditions

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 11 Review Questions and Answers

12 Nuclear Cardiac Imaging: A Primer

CARDIAC RADIOACTIVE TRACERS

SPECT Perfusion Agents

Technetium-99m-Labeled Agents

Thallium-201 Chloride

PET Tracers of Myocardial Perfusion

Rubidium-82

Nitrogen-13 Ammonia

Oyxgen-15 Water

PET Tracers of Myocardial Metabolism

Miscellaneous Cardiac Tracers

OVERVIEW OF NUCLEAR IMAGING

BASIC OF CARDIAC SPECT IMAGING

CARDIAC PET IMAGING

STRESS PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEAR PERFUSION IMAGING

INTERPRETATION OF MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGES

CLINICAL USE OF MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING

PET MYOCARDIAL BLOOD FLOW QUANTIFICATION

PET METABOLIC IMAGING FOR MYOCARDIAL VIABILITY

NUCLEAR IMAGING IN ACUTE CHEST PAIN

NUCLEAR IMAGING POST-MI AND POSTREVASCULARIZATION

NUCLEAR IMAGING IN HEART FAILURE

SPECT Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis

PET Imaging in Cardiac Sarcoidosis

PET IMAGING IN INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY

SUMMARY

Chapter 12 Review Questions and Answers

13 Cardiac MRI and CT

CARDIAC MRI

Technical Considerations

Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media Agents

Selected Clinical Applications

Limitations of Cardiac MRI

CARDIAC CT

Indications

Technical Considerations

Selected Clinical Applications

Limitations of Cardiac CT

EVALUATION OF CARDIAC MASSES BY CT AND MRI

Chapter 13 Review Questions and Answers

III: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE AND CARDIOMYOPATHY

14 Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE SYNDROME

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEART FAILURE SYNDROME

PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF HEART FAILURE

Hemodynamics and Cardiac Output in Heart Failure

Pressure–Volume Loop Analysis in Heart Failure

ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS TO HEART FAILURE SYNDROME

Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction

Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Dysfunction

Abnormal Cellular or Molecular Mechanisms

Ventricular Remodeling and Reverse Remodeling

Counterregulatory Systems (Natriuretic Peptides)

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Renal Retention of Salt and Water

Peripheral Vascular and Skeletal Muscle Adaptations in Heart Failure

SUMMARY

Chapter 14 Review Questions and Answers

15 Medical Treatment of Heart Failure

LIFESTYLE MEASURES

Sodium Restriction

Fluid Restriction

Exercise

Comorbid Conditions

MEDICAL THERAPY IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Neurohormonal Blockade

Other Vasodilators

Digitalis Glycosides

Treatment of Related Conditions

MEDICAL THERAPY IN ACUTE DECOMPENSATED HEART FAILURE

Admission to Hospital

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring

Decongestion

Vasodilators

Inotropes

MEDICATIONS TO AVOID IN HEART FAILURE

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Calcium Channel Blockers

Antiarrhythmic Medications

Oral Hypoglycemics

Chemotherapy Agents

MONITORING AND FOLLOW-UP

Disease Management Programs

Implantable Hemodynamic Monitors

Chapter 15 Review Questions and Answers

16 Heart Transplantation

ORGAN ALLOCATION

THE DONOR

THE RECIPIENT

POSTTRANSPLANT MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Rejection

Immunosuppressive Strategies

Immunosuppressant Agents

Calcineurin Inhibitors

Antiproliferative Agents

TOR Inhibitors

Corticosteroids

Combination Regimen

HEART TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS

Infection

Viral Infections

Fungal Infections

Protozoal Infections

Malignancies

Chronic Renal Dysfunction

Hypertension

Hyperlipidemia

Tricuspid Regurgitation

Osteoporosis

Survival

Chapter 16 Review Questions and Answers

17 Devices for Heart Failure

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY SUPPORT DEVICES

TYPES OF MECHANICAL SUPPORT DEVICES

COMPONENTS AND CONFIGURATIONS OF MECHANICAL CIRCULATORY ASSIST DEVICES

PATIENT SELECTION

Age

Body Habitus

Renal Function

Pulmonary Function

Hepatic Function

Coagulation Abnormalities

Infectious Concerns

Arrhythmias

Pulmonary Hypertension

Right Ventricular Function

Anatomic Considerations

Nutritional Status

Neurologic Function

Malignancies

Psychiatric Conditions

Social Evaluation

ASSESSMENT OF OPERATIVE RISK

OUTCOMES AFTER CIRCULATORY SUPPORT IMPLANTATION

CLINICAL TRIALS OF DEVICE THERAPY

CONCLUSION

HOW TO PREPARE FOR THE BOARDS

Chapter 17 Review Questions and Answers

18 Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

MYOCARDITIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION

ETIOLOGIES AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

EVALUATION

TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS

SPECIFIC FORMS OF CARDIOMYOPATHY RELATED TO MYOCARDITIS

Chagas Heart Disease

Giant Cell Myocarditis

Hypersensitive/Eosinophilic Myocarditis

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Inherited Forms of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR–RELATED MYOCARDITIS

Chapter 18 Review Questions and Answers

19 Pulmonary Hypertension

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary Hypertension Owing to Left Heart Disease

Pulmonary Hypertension Owing to Lung Diseases and/or Hypoxia

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Other Pulmonary Artery Obstructions

Pulmonary Hypertension with Unclear or Multifactorial Mechanisms

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Prostacyclin and Thromboxane A2

Endothelin-1

Nitric Oxide

Other Vascular Effectors

Hemodynamic Consequences

DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION

Clinical Evaluation

Echocardiography

Other (Imaging) Studies

Hemodynamic Evaluation

PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

General Measures

Pulmonary Vasodilators

Prostacyclin Pathway

Endothelin Pathway

Nitric Oxide Pathway

COMBINATION THERAPY

SURGICAL THERAPIES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF PH CLINICAL TRIALS:

Chapter 19 Review Questions and Answers

20 Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

PHYSIOLOGY OF DIASTOLE

PHASES OF DIASTOLE

Isovolumic Relaxation Phase

Rapid Filling Phase

Diastasis (Slow Filling) Phase

Atrial Systole Phase

DETERMINANTS OF DIASTOLIC FUNCTION

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

LABORATORY EXAMINATION

ECG

Radiography

Echocardiography

PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT OF DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE

RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHIES

Primary Restrictive Cardiomyopathies

Secondary Restrictive Cardiomyopathies

Chapter 20 Review Questions and Answers

21 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

PREVALENCE AND DEFINITION

CLASSIFICATION

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY

SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL COURSE

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

Labs, Chest X-Ray, and Electrocardiogram

Echocardiography

Transthoracic Echocardiogram—Distinguishing HCM from Athlete’s Heart

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance

Cardiac Catheterization

GENETICS OF HCM

SCREENING OF FAMILY MEMBERS

THERAPY

Medical Therapy

Septal Myectomy

Percutaneous Alcohol Septal Ablation

Permanent Pacemaker Implantation

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS PROPHYLAXIS

SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH

HCM AND ATHLETICS

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HCM

HCM AND PREGNANCY

NONOBSTRUCTIVE HCM

HCM CENTERS

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 21 Review Questions and Answers

IV: CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

22 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult

TYPES OF CONGENITAL LESIONS

Shunt Lesions

Stenotic Lesions

Complex Lesions

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

GENERAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Chapter 22 Review Questions and Answers

23 Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS

Primum Atrial Septal Defect

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect

Coronary Sinus Atrial Septal Defect

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT

BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE

SUBAORTIC AORTIC STENOSIS

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

COARCTATION OF THE AORTA

PULMONIC STENOSIS

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

EBSTEIN ANOMALY OF THE TRICUSPID VALVE

TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES

OPERATIONS FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Chapter 23 Review Questions and Answers

V: CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

24 Twelve-Lead Electrocardiography

BOARD PREPARATION

A RECOMMENDED APPROACH TO ELECTROCARDIOGRAM INTERPRETATION

Assess the Standardization and Identify the Recorded Leads Accurately

Determine the Atrial and Ventricular Rates and Rhythms

Determine if Cardiac Chamber Enlargement or Hypertrophy Is Present

Assess the P-Wave, QRS-Complex, and T-Wave Morphologies

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM #1

Clinical History