KAPLAN COMPREHENSIVE OF PSYCHIATRY

 

The gold standard reference for all those who work with people with mental illness, Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by Drs. Robert Boland and Marcia L. Verduin, has consistently kept pace with the rapid growth of research and knowledge in neural science, as well as biological and psychological science. This two-volume eleventh edition offers the expertise of more than 600 renowned contributors who cover the full range of psychiatry and mental health, including neural science, genetics, neuropsychiatry, psychopharmacology, and other key areas.

VOLUME I

1 Neural Sciences

1.1 The Neuroscience of Psychiatry

REVIEW OF THE NEUROSCIENCE CHAPTERS

CONCLUSIONS

1.2 Functional Neuroanatomy

PRINCIPLES OF BRAIN ORGANIZATION

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

FUNCTIONAL BRAIN SYSTEMS

IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOLOGICALLY BASED DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS

1.3 Functional Genomics of Human Brain Development

THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL LANDSCAPE OF THE DEVELOPING HUMAN CNS

THE REGULATORY LANDSCAPE OF THE DEVELOPING HUMAN CNS

EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND EPIGENETIC DYSREGULATION IN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.4 Neural Development and Neurogenesis

NEURAL DEVELOPMENT AND NEUROGENESIS

OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEM MORPHOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT

THE CONCEPT OF NEURAL PATTERNING

REGULATION OF NEURODEVELOPMENT BY EXTRACELLULAR FACTORS

POSTNATAL NEUROGENESIS IN MAMMALS: SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE AND HIPPOCAMPAL DENTATE GYRUS

1.5 Cellular and Synaptic Basis of Neural Signaling

PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

ION CHANNELS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND ION CHANNELS

CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ION CHANNELS

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1.6 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

GLUTAMIC ACID

CONCLUSION

1.7 Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters

DOPAMINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE

SEROTONIN

ACETYLCHOLINE

HISTAMINE

TRACE AMINES

1.8 Neuropeptides: Biology, Regulation and Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

INVESTIGATING NEUROPEPTIDE FUNCTION

BIOSYNTHESIS

DISTRIBUTION AND REGULATION

NEUROPEPTIDE SIGNALING

NEUROPEPTIDE SYSTEMS AS DRUG TARGETS

SPECIFIC NEUROPEPTIDES AS EXEMPLARS OF NEUROPEPTIDE BIOLOGY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.9 Novel Neurotransmitters

GASES AS NEUROTRANSMITTERS

ENDOCANNABINOIDS: FROM MARIJUANA TO NEUROTRANSMISSION

EICOSANOIDS

NEUROSTEROIDS

NOVEL NEUROTRANSMITTERS: BEYOND THE CLASSICAL DEFINITION OF NEUROTRANSMITTER

1.10 Neurotrophic Factors

THE NEUROTROPHIN FAMILY

NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTORS

NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND DEVELOPMENT

NEUROTROPHINS AND SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY

NEUROTROPHINS AND METABOLISM

CORRELATES TO NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

CORRELATES TO PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

NEUROTROPHIC HYPOTHESIS FOR MOOD DISORDERS: THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF NEUROTROPHINS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1.11 Intraneuronal Signaling

OVERVIEW OF NEURONAL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

G-PROTEIN–COUPLED RECEPTOR SIGNALING

TYROSINE KINASE PATHWAYS

WNT SIGNALING

SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY

SIGNALING COMPLEXES AND SCAFFOLDS

REMOTE CONTROL OF INTRANEURONAL SIGNALING

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.12 Psychoneuroendocrinology

HORMONE EVOLUTION

HORMONE CLASSIFICATION

HORMONE SECRETION

HORMONE SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE

CELLULAR MODE OF ACTION

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY

PHARMACOGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENOMICS

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY AND EPIGENETIC TRANSMISSION

PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY METHODOLOGY IN HUMANS

HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS

METABOLIC SYNDROME

PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN, MELANOCORTINS, MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE, AND MELATONIN

ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS

HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–GONADAL AXIS

PREGNENOLONE AND ALLOPREGNANOLONE

PROLACTIN

HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–THYROID AXIS

PARATHYROID HORMONE

GROWTH HORMONE

SOMATOSTATIN

ARGININE VASOPRESSIN

OXYTOCIN

NEUROPEPTIDE Y

GALANIN

INSULIN

LEPTIN/GHRELIN/GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE

CHOLECYSTOKININ

GASTRIN AND GASTRIN-RELEASING PEPTIDE

NEUROTENSIN

FUTURE DIRECTIONS: ENDOCRINE VARIABLES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

1.13 Immune–Brain Interactions in Psychiatry

COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

IMMUNE–BRAIN COMMUNICATION

SOCIAL ADVERSITY, ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS, AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

RELEVANCE OF IMMUNE–CNS INTERACTIONS TO PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENTS IN PSYCHIATRY

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN PSYCHIATRY

CONCLUSIONS TO THE CHAPTER

1.14 Chronobiology, Circadian Rhythm, and Psychiatry

CIRCADIAN PACEMAKERS

SLEEP AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

SEASONALITY

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

NONSEASONAL UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND PHARMACOTHERAPY

FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS

1.15 Basic Science of Sleep

NORMAL HUMAN SLEEP

EFFECTS OF AGE ON SLEEP

MONITORING HUMAN SLEEP

PHYSIOLOGY IN SLEEP

NEUROBIOLOGY OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS

CIRCADIAN AND HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF SLEEP

HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF SLEEP AND THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION

DREAMING

THE FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP

SLEEP AND PSYCHIATRY

1.16 Pain Systems: Interface with Affective and Motivational Mechanisms

PAIN SYSTEMS

PAIN AND MOTIVATIONAL MECHANISMS

PAIN AND AFFECTIVE REGULATION AND DYSREGULATION

COGNITIVE PROCESSING AND PAIN

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.17 Basic Science of Appetite

SIGNALS FOR MEAL INITIATION

MEAL MAINTENANCE

SATIATION AND POSTPRANDIAL SATIETY

BRAIN MECHANISMS OF APPETITE

PHYSIOLOGIC MODULATORS OF APPETITE

PSYCHIATRIC EATING DISORDERS

SUMMARY

1.18 Genome, Transcriptome, and Proteome: The Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Multi-Omics Underlying the Neurobiology of Mental Disorders

THE ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN GENOME

HUMAN GENETIC VARIATION

THE FUNCTION OF THE GENOME

REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION AND THE TRANSCRIPTOME

PROTEIN REGULATION AND THE PROTEOME

PHARMACOGENOMICS IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

THE BRAIN AS A SYSTEM

FUTURE PROSPECTS

1.19 Gene Mapping Investigations of Psychiatric Disorders

EPIDEMIOLOGY

BASIC CONCEPTS OF GENE MAPPING

MAPPING STRATEGIES

THE PHENOTYPE

PROGRESS IN THE GENETIC DISSECTION OF SPECIFIC DISORDERS

ALZHEIMER DISEASE

AUTISM

BIPOLAR DISORDER, SCHIZOPHRENIA, MAJOR DEPRESSION, AND ANXIETY

GENETIC OVERLAP AMONG PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.20 Epigenetics in Psychiatry: The Promise for New Biomarkers and Treatments

THE EPIGENETICS MACHINERY

EPIGENETICS IN PRECLINICAL WORK

EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS

1.21 Pharmacogenetics

THE SEARCH FOR INDIVIDUALIZED PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

PHARMACOGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENOMICS

PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS

PHARMACOGENETICS OF PHARMACOKINETICS

PHARMACOKINETICS BEYOND DRUG LEVELS OF THE PARENT DRUG

THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF ONE DRUG MAY GENERATE MULTIPLE ACTIVE COMPOUNDS

PHARMACOKINETICS AND ALCOHOLISM

PHARMACOKINETICS, PHARMACOGENETICS, AND DRUG ENTRY INTO THE BRAIN

GEOGRAPHIC AND ETHNIC PHARMACOKINETIC VARIABILITY

CULTURE OR ETHNICITY-RELATED PHARMACOGENETICS?

PHARMACOGENETICS OF PHARMACODYNAMICS

PHARMACOGENETICS OF SPECIFIC PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

PHARMACOGENETIC TESTING: A BRIEF OVERVIEW

CONCLUSIONS

1.22 Animal Models in Psychiatry

THE USE OF ANIMAL MODELS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH

NEGATIVE VALENCE

POSITIVE VALENCE

COGNITION

SOCIAL FUNCTIONING

SLEEP AND AROUSAL

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.23 Basic Systems Neuroscience

THE IMPORTANCE AND UTILITY OF ANIMAL MODELS

NEURAL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY AND NEURAL CODES

SUMMARY

1.24 Computational Modeling Approaches to Psychiatry

BIOPHYSICALLY BASED CIRCUIT MODELS

COGNITIVE PSYCHIATRIC NEUROSCIENCE AND CONNECTIONIST MODELS

MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF BEHAVIOR

MODELING NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BIOMARKERS

FUTURE CHALLENGES

1.25 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy: Basic Principles and Recent Findings in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

HISTORY

BASIC PHYSICS OF NMR, MRS, AND MRI

SYSTEM HARDWARE

FOURIER TRANSFORM

MRI METHODOLOGY

APPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL IMAGING TO PSYCHIATRY

FUNCTIONAL MRI METHODOLOGY

APPLICATIONS OF FMRI IN PSYCHIATRY

1H MRS

31P MRS

13C MRS

APPLICATIONS OF MRS IN PSYCHIATRY

DEUTERIUM METABOLIC IMAGING (DMI)

PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.26 Electroencephalography in Psychiatry

HISTORY

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY

EEG RECORDING AND RELATED METHODOLOGY

EEG CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

EEG IN APPLIED CLINICAL PRACTICE

EEG IN PSYCHIATRY

EEG ALTERATIONS FROM MEDICATIONS AND DRUGS

EEG AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH PARADIGMS

SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS: EEG IN THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

TRANSLATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS TO CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

1.27 Radiotracer Imaging with Positron Emission Tomography and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography: Fundamental Principles, Methodology and Role in Neuropsychiatric Research

OVERVIEW

BASIC PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES

PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS AND METHODS, EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

RADIOTRACERS

NEUROCHEMICAL IMAGING IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH

NEUROINFLAMMATION IMAGING IN PSYCHIATRY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.28 Functional Brain Connectivity and Psychopathology

THE ADVENT OF STUDYING FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY NETWORKS

MODALITIES FOR ASSESSING RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

METHODS FOR ANALYZING RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES IN APPLYING RESTING-STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY ANALYSES TO THE STUDY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

CONCLUSION

1.29 Neuropsychiatry of Self

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS

MULTIDIMENSIONALITY OF SELF-REPRESENTATION

CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.30 Learning Theory and Psychosis, Anxiety, and Addiction

A BRIEF HISTORY OF LEARNING THEORIES

ADDICTION

ANXIETY

SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

1.31 Neuroscience of Substance Use Disorders

PHASES OF THE ADDICTION PROCESS

THEORIES OF ADDICTION

BRAIN PATHWAYS IN ADDICTION

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR SUBSTRATES OF ADDICTION

SEX DIFFERENCES IN SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS

CURRENT TREATMENTS

2 Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology

2.1 The Neuropsychiatric Approach to the Patient

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC NEUROANATOMY

MODULARITY AND NEUROPSYCHIATRY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

THE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

FOCAL NEUROBEHAVIORAL SYNDROMES

COMMON NEUROPSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS

THE NEUROPSYCHIATRIC PERSPECTIVE

2.2 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Cerebrovascular Disorders

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

2.3 The Neuropsychiatry of Brain Tumors

PSYCHIATRIC CLASSIFICATION

BRAIN TUMORS

BRAIN TUMORS IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS

PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN BRAIN TUMOR PATIENTS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

2.4 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy and Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF EPILEPSY

PSYCHOGENIC NONEPILEPTIC SEIZURES

2.5 Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TBI

MECHANISMS OF TBI

NEUROIMAGING AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

CATEGORIZATION OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY SEVERITY

COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS AND SEQUELAE OF TBI

TREATMENT OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS

TBI AND LATER-LIFE NEURODEGENERATIVE DEMENTIA

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCES FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

GENERAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

2.6 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Movement Disorders

PARKINSON DISEASE

PRIMARY DEMENTIA SYNDROMES WITH PARKINSONIAN SIGNS

CEREBELLAR DISORDERS

2.7 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

2.8 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of HIV Infection and AIDS

OVERVIEW OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS IN THE HIV CARE

HIV-ASSOCIATED DEMENTIA

MAJOR DEPRESSION IN PATIENTS WITH HIV DISEASE

BIPOLAR (MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) ILLNESSES IN PATIENTS WITH HIV DISEASE

SCHIZOPHRENIA IN PATIENTS WITH HIV DISEASE

ISSUES OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS AND ADDICTION IN HIV DISEASE

ISSUES OF PERSONALITY IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HIV

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HIV

NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF HIV AND AIDS

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

2.9 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Other Infectious Diseases (Non-HIV)

VIRUSES

BACTERIA

PROTOZOA

HELMINTHS

2.10 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Prion Disease

NONFAMILIAL PRION DISEASES

FAMILIAL GENETIC PRION DISEASES

HISTORY OF PRION DISEASES

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRION DISEASES

PRION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC WORKUP: THE STRUCTURED PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL HISTORY

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

2.11 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Headache

DEFINITIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COURSE

ETIOLOGY

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL EVALUATION

TREATMENT OF HEADACHE SYNDROMES

2.12 Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Neuromuscular Diseases

STRUCTURE OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

NEURONOPATHIES AND DISORDERS OF THE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISORDERS

MUSCLE DISEASES

MISCELLANEOUS NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

2.13 Psychiatric Aspects of Child Neurology

FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS

PREMATURE BIRTH AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

EPILEPSY

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

OVERALL SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

2.14 Neuropsychiatry of Neurometabolic and Neuroendocrine Disorders

NEUROMETABOLIC SYNDROMES

NEUROENDOCRINE DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

2.15 Catatonia

BRIEF HISTORY AND NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND FEATURES

NEUROPATHOPHYSIOLOGY

MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT

SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

3 Contributions of the Psychological Sciences

3.1 Contributions of the Psychological Sciences: Sensation, Perception, and Cognition

COGNITIVE SCIENCE

NEURAL NETWORK GROWTH AND INTEGRATION

MIND AND BRAIN

ENERGY AND INFORMATION

INFORMATION PROCESSING

ATTENTION

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

MEMORY SYSTEMS

CONSCIOUSNESS

SENSATION, PERCEPTION, AND COGNITION IN PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

3.2 Piaget and Cognitive Development: History, Theory, Extensions, and Modifications

PIAGET’S CLINICAL METHOD

GENETIC EPISTEMOLOGY

PIAGET THEORY

INTELLIGENCE: PIAGETIAN MODEL AND ITS ALTERNATIVES

NEW CONCEPTS OF INTELLIGENCE: EMOTIONAL BASIS OF INTELLIGENCE

TOWARD A GENERAL DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

3.3 Learning Theory

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

BASIC CONCEPTS AND CONSIDERATIONS

PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING

OPERANT/INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING

PAVLOVIAN AND OPERANT LEARNING TOGETHER

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

3.4 Biology of Memory

MULTIPLE TYPES OF MEMORY

CORTICAL ORGANIZATION OF MEMORY

MEMORY SYSTEMS

FROM SYNAPSES TO MEMORY

MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS IN PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS

ASSESSMENT OF MEMORY FUNCTIONS

IMPLICATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

3.5 Normality and Mental Health

MODEL A: MENTAL HEALTH AS ABOVE NORMAL

MODEL B: MENTAL HEALTH AS POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

MODEL C: MENTAL HEALTH AS MATURITY

MODEL D: MENTAL HEALTH AS RESILIENCE

MODEL E: MENTAL HEALTH AS SOCIOEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

MODEL F: MENTAL HEALTH AS SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

MODEL G: MENTAL HEALTH AS POSITIVE OR “SPIRITUAL” EMOTIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

3.6 Neuroscience of Psychoanalytic Object Relations Theory

BASICS OF BRAIN AND MIND SELF-ORGANIZATION

BASICS OF OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY

THE PRENATAL SOMATOSENSORY ORIGINS OF THE MIND

PHANTASY: THE BRAIN’S PHYLOGENETIC CODE FOR PRIMITIVE MENTAL FORMS

RECURSIVE CYCLES OF PROJECTION AND INTROJECTION ORGANIZE THE INNER AND THE OUTER WORLD

PARTIAL OBJECT RELATIONS

INTEGRATED OBJECT RELATIONS: COGNITIVE RECONCILIATION OF AFFECTIVE DICHOTOMIES

COGNITIVE AND NETWORK NEUROSCIENCE OF THE EXPERIENCE OF SELF

WORKING THROUGH AND BEYOND

Summary

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

4 Contribution of the Social Sciences

4.1 Neurocentrism: Implications for Addiction and the Courtroom

BRAIN AND MIND—WHY THEY ARE DIFFERENT

LEVELS OF ANALYSIS, ADDICTION, AND THE BRAIN DISEASE FALLACY

NEURAL CORRELATES AND VOLUNTARINESS COEXIST

NEUROCENTRISM, FREE WILL, AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

4.2 Transcultural Psychiatry

ETHNOCULTURAL DIVERSITY OF THE U.S. POPULATION

RACISM AND MENTAL HEALTH

MENTAL HEALTH OF RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND MIGRANT POPULATIONS

MENTAL HEALTH CARE DISPARITIES FOR MIGRANT AND MINORITIZED ETHNORACIAL POPULATIONS

MENTAL HEALTH OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE UNITED STATES

MENTAL HEALTH OF REFUGEES

CULTURE AND MENTAL HEALTH

CULTURALLY COMPETENT ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON MENTAL HEALTH

4.3 Evolutionary Foundations for Psychiatric Research and Practice

FIVE ADVANCES

CORE PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

EMOTIONS

RELATIONSHIPS

EXPLAINING VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

5 Quantitative and Experimental Methods in Psychiatry

5.1 Quantitative and Experimental Methods in Psychiatry: Epidemiology

BACKGROUND

MEASURES OF DISEASE FREQUENCY

MEASURES OF EFFECT AND ASSOCIATION

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY DESIGNS

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING STRATEGIES

MEASUREMENT

CASE IDENTIFICATION

ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF MENTAL DISORDERS

MAJOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEYS

EMERGING ISSUES

5.2 Statistics and Experimental Design

BASIC IDEAS

USING DATA TO ESTIMATE PARAMETERS

USING DATA TO TEST HYPOTHESES

THE BAYESIAN APPROACH

RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS

SPECIFIC STATISTICAL METHODS

STUDY DESIGN

EVALUATING TREATMENTS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS, IN THE REAL WORLD, AND UNDER FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

6 Theories of Personality and Psychopathology

6.1 Psychoanalytic Theories and Treatment: Perspective from North America and Great Britain

SIGMUND FREUD

EGO PSYCHOLOGY

MARGARET MAHLER’S DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL

OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY

HEINZ KOHUT’S SELF-PSYCHOLOGY

OTTO KERNBERG’S INTEGRATION OF OBJECT RELATIONS AND STRUCTURAL SCHOOLS

ATTACHMENT THEORY

RELATIONAL THEORY AND INTERSUBJECTIVE APPROACH

NEUROPSYCHOANALYSIS

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY IN PRACTICE

TECHNICAL ASPECTS

CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS

6.2 Erik H. Erikson

CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

BECOMING A CHILD PSYCHOANALYST

EMIGRATING TO AMERICA

PSYCHOANALYTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

MIDLIFE TRANSITION

EIGHT STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE

BECOMING A BIOGRAPHER OF YOUTH

BECOMING A BIOGRAPHER OF MIDDLE AGE

ERIKSON AND CULTURE

APPLICATION OF ERIKSON’S CONCEPTS TO CLINICAL WORK

6.3 Other Psychodynamic Schools

ADOLF MEYER

ALFRED ADLER

CARL GUSTAV JUNG

FRANZ ALEXANDER

WILHELM REICH

KAREN HORNEY

ERICH FROMM

HARRY STACK SULLIVAN

ERIC BERNE

NANCY CHODOROW

6.4 Approaches Derived from Philosophy and Psychology

PHILOSOPHY

BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL LEARNING APPROACHES

HUMANISTIC APPROACHES

TRAIT AND FACTOR MODELS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

7 Diagnosis and Psychiatry: Examination of the Psychiatric Patient

7.1 Psychiatric Interview, History, and Mental Status Examination of the Adult Patient

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

HISTORY AND EXAMINATION

COMMUNICATION OF OPINIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

TECHNIQUES

SELECTED CHALLENGING INTERVIEW SCENARIOS

SPECIAL TOPICS

7.2 The Psychiatric Report and Outline for a Psychiatric Examination

PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY

MENTAL STATUS

FURTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

DIAGNOSIS

PROGNOSIS

PSYCHODYNAMIC FORMULATION

COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT PLAN

7.3 Practice Guidelines in Psychiatry

EARLY GUIDELINE EFFORTS

AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AND GUIDELINES

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE REPORTS

PRACTICE GUIDELINES IN PSYCHIATRY

APA PRACTICE GUIDELINE PROJECT

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF GUIDELINES

THE FUTURE OF PRACTICE GUIDELINES

7.4 Neuropsychological Assessment of Adults

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ADULTS

WHO IS A CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST?

RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER DISCIPLINES

HISTORICAL INFLUENCES

NEUROANATOMICAL CORRELATES

PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES

GENERAL REFERRAL ISSUES

APPROACHES TO NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

DOMAINS OF FORMAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

THERAPEUTIC DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

7.5 Personality Assessment of Adults

PURPOSES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS

ADULT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

7.6 Medical Assessment and Laboratory Testing in Psychiatry

PHYSICAL HEALTH MONITORING

DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT

TREATMENT SELECTION AND MONITORING

CONCLUSION

7.7 Principles and Applications of Quantitative Electroencephalography in Psychiatry

DEDICATION

FROM EEG TO qEEG

NEUROMETRIC qEEG: HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION OF THE EEG FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

STEPS IN NEUROMETRIC qEEG ANALYSIS

HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEM GENERATING AND REGULATING THE EEG

qEEG Source Localization Tomographic Brain Images

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF qEEG DEPARTURES FROM GROUND STATE OR DEFAULT MODE NETWORK

qEEG-Based Depth of Anesthesia Monitor: Level of Consciousness

THERAPEUTIC CORRECTION OF DEPARTURES FROM THE GROUND STATE

CONSCIOUSNESS

INFORMATION IS SYNCHRONOUS DEVIATIONS FROM GROUND STATE

CONCLUSIONS

7.8 Psychiatric Rating Scales

POTENTIAL BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF RATING SCALES IN PSYCHIATRY

TYPES OF SCALES AND WHAT THEY MEASURE

ASSESSMENT OF RATING SCALES

SELECTION OF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALES

7.9 Electronic Media in Psychiatry

DEFINITIONS AND LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

COMMUNICATION EVOLUTION

MEDICAL RECORDS

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

THEORETICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

7.10 Cultural Competency in the Organization and Delivery of Psychiatric Care

DEFINITIONS: CULTURAL GROUP; CULTURAL COMPETENCY

STRUCTURAL COMPETENCY: ADDRESSING INSTITUTIONAL DRIVERS OF INEQUALITY

WHY CC IS IMPORTANT: DIVERSITY, DISPARITIES

CULTURAL AWARENESS OF CAREGIVERS

GOVERNMENT RESPONSE: STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

BEYOND THE RHETORIC: DEFINING THE ACTUAL ACTIVITIES OF CC

IN CONCLUSION

7.11 Medical Error

PREVENTING MEDICAL ERROR

8 Clinical Manifestations of Psychiatric Disorders

NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE

THE CLINICAL CHALLENGES

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF PSYCHIATRIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

THINKING DISTURBANCES

DISTURBANCES OF JUDGMENT

DISTURBANCES OF PERCEPTION

DISTURBANCES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

DISTURBANCES OF THE SELF

DISTURBANCES OF MEMORY

LANGUAGE DISORDERS

DISORDERS OF THE WILL

DISTURBANCES OF MOOD

ANXIETY DISORDERS

SOMATIC DISTURBANCES IN PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS

DISTURBANCES OF BEHAVIOR

DISTURBANCES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

DISTURBANCES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY

MOTOR DISTURBANCES AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS

DRUG-INDUCED MOVEMENT DISORDERS

MOTOR DISTURBANCES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

OTHER MOVEMENT DISTURBANCES

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

9 Classification in Psychiatry

9.1 Present and Future of Classification Systems for Mental Disorders

CLASSIFICATION IN MEDICINE

BRIEF GLOSSARY

DEFINITION OF MENTAL DISORDER (DSM-5)

BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS

CLASSICAL EUROPEAN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

THE U.S. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS LEADING TO DSM-5

INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES

EVOLUTION OF MODERN PSYCHIATRIC NOSOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES

MODERN PSYCHIATRIC CLASSIFICATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA

9.2 The Classification of Mental Disorders in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)

THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES

COMPARING ICD AND DSM CLASSIFICATIONS

MENTAL DISORDERS IN ICD-11

ICD-11 AND DSM-5: SOME CONTROVERSIES

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

10 Neurocognitive Disorders

10.1 Cognitive Disorders: Introduction

10.2 Delirium

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

ETIOLOGIES

DIAGNOSIS

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

PREVENTION

TREATMENT

10.3 Major Neurocognitive Disorders (Dementia)

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

LABORATORY EXAMINATION AND PATHOLOGY

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

MANAGEMENT

HEALTH DISPARITIES IN DEMENTIA

COVID-19 AND DEMENTIA

MAJOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER SUBTYPES

10.4 Mild Cognitive Impairment and Amnestic Disorders

MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

AMNESTIC DISORDERS

10.5 Cognitive Disorders Due to Another Medical Condition or Substance

NOSOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL FEATURES

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

SPECIFIC DISORDERS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

11 Substance-Related Disorders

11.1 Substance Use Disorders: Introduction

SUMMARY

11.2 Alcohol-Related Disorders

DEFINITION AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

A Brief History of Alcohol and AUDs

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PHARMACOLOGY AND ALCOHOL’S EFFECTS

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

IDENTIFICATION IN CLINICAL SETTINGS AND RELATED LABORATORY TESTS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Course and Prognosis of AUDs

TREATMENT

11.3 Stimulant-Related Disorders

DEFINITIONS

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

COMORBIDITY

TOXICITY AND MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

11.4 Caffeine-Related Disorders

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

CAFFEINE INTOXICATION

CAFFEINE-INDUCED ANXIETY DISORDER

CAFFEINE-INDUCED SLEEP DISORDER

CAFFEINE WITHDRAWAL

CAFFEINE USE DISORDER

11.5 Cannabis-Related Disorders

HISTORY

CANNABIS PREPARATIONS

METHODS OF USE

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANNABIS USE

PHARMACOLOGY OF CANNABINOIDS

DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL FEATURES

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CANNABIS USE

LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS

TREATMENT

CONCLUSION

11.6 Hallucinogen-Related Disorders

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

EPIDEMIOLOGIC OVERVIEW OF HALLUCINOGEN USE

HALLUCINOGEN SUBCLASSES

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

PHENCYCLIDINE AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN INTOXICATION

PHENCYCLIDINE USE DISORDER AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN USE DISORDER

HALLUCINOGEN-PERSISTING PERCEPTION DISORDER

PCP- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER

PHENCYCLIDINE- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED BIPOLAR DISORDER

PHENCYCLIDINE- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

PHENCYCLIDINE- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED ANXIETY DISORDER

PHENCYCLIDINE- AND OTHER HALLUCINOGEN-INDUCED INTOXICATION DELIRIUM

UNSPECIFIED PHENCYCLIDINE-RELATED DISORDER AND UNSPECIFIED HALLUCINOGEN-RELATED DISORDER

11.7 Inhalant-Related Disorders

DEFINITION

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

INHALANT USE DISORDER

INHALANT-INDUCED PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

ADDITIONAL INHALANT CLASSIFICATIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

11.8 Tobacco-Related Disorders

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY AND DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

SPECIAL POPULATIONS

EMERGING AREAS OF RESEARCH

PREVENTION AND POLICY INITIATIVES

11.9 Opioid Use and Related Disorders: From Neuroscience to Treatment

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CONCLUSION

11.10 Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorders

DEFINITION

ETIOLOGY AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGY

MISUSE LIABILITY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

TREATMENT

11.11 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid-Related Disorders

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PHARMACOLOGY

LABORATORY FINDINGS

ETIOLOGY

ANABOLIC STEROID DEPENDENCE

ANABOLIC STEROID–INDUCED MOOD DISORDERS

ANABOLIC STEROID–INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER

ANABOLIC STEROID–RELATED DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED

12 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

12.1 Introduction and Overview

12.2 Phenomenology of Schizophrenia

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS

12.3 Global Burden of Schizophrenia

SCHIZOPHRENIA BEFORE AND AFTER KRAEPELIN

DIAGNOSTIC COMPARABILITY OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIA PHENOTYPE ACROSS POPULATIONS

VARIATIONS IN THE INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

VARIATION IN THE COURSE AND OUTCOME OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

THE BURDEN OF COMORBIDITY

VARIATIONS IN MORTALITY

CRIMINAL OFFENDING AND VICTIMIZATION

CLINICAL HIGH-RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS AND SUBTHRESHOLD PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

12.4 Genetics of Schizophrenia

FAMILY, TWIN, AND ADOPTION STUDIES

ADVANCES IN THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

CONVERGENCE ONTO BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS

THE EMERGING GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

NEURODEVELOPMENTAL SPECTRUM

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

12.5 The Clinical Epidemiology of Psychosis Spectrum Disorder

WHAT IS CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY?

RISK FACTORS FOR THE ONSET OF PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM DISORDER

SPECIFICITY OF HERITABILITY

GENETIC MODEL OF LIABILITY FOR PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM DISORDER

RISK FACTORS OPERATING DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS AND EARLY CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY

PREMORBID VULNERABILITY INDICATORS/MARKERS

HIGH-RISK MODELS OF PSYCHOSIS ONSET

THE COURSE AND OUTCOME OF PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM DISORDER

TOWARD AN EMPIRICALLY BASED MODEL OF PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM DISORDER: A WORK IN PROGRESS

12.6 Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology of Schizophrenia

MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES AND CYTOARCHITECTURAL CHANGES

NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS

BIOENERGETIC DYSFUNCTION

SCHIZOPHRENIA AS A NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER

THE INFLAMMATION HYPOTHESIS

INTEGRATIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

12.7 Structural Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia

THE BRAIN AND SCHIZOPHRENIA: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR STRUCTURAL BRAIN IMAGING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

12.8 Functional Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia

MAGNETIC RESONANCE FUNCTIONAL IMAGING METHODS

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

12.9 Molecular Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia

MOLECULAR BRAIN IMAGING AND THEORIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

TYPES OF MOLECULAR IMAGING

MOLECULAR IMAGING IN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

MOLECULAR IMAGING IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR TREATMENTS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

ISSUES OF QUANTIFICATION OF NEURORECEPTORS, TRANSPORTERS, AND INTRASYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS

MOLECULAR IMAGING AND GENETICS

ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA SUBTYPING AND HETEROGENEITY ANALYSIS

MOLECULAR IMAGING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

12.10 Neurocognition in Schizophrenia

NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

NATURAL HISTORY OF NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

RELATIONSHIP OF NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT TO SCHIZOPHRENIA SYMPTOMS

CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

NEUROCOGNITION AND FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY

TREATMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

METHODS OF ASSESSMENT

12.11 Phenotypes of Psychosis

DO CLINICAL EXPERIENTIAL PSYCHOSIS DEFINITIONS CAPTURE BIOLOGIC REALITY?

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DSM PSYCHOSIS DIAGNOSES

HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND REPLICATION IN PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY

B-SNIP RESULTS USING DSM PSYCHOSIS DIAGNOSES AS THE GOLD STANDARD

PSYCHOSIS BIOTYPES

PSYCHOSIS SYNDROMES: DIFFERENCES IN KIND?

12.12 Schizophrenia: Pharmacologic Treatment

HISTORY

PHASES OF TREATMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

FIRST EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA

EFFECTIVENESS OF DRUGS FOR PSYCHOSIS

TREATMENT OF ACUTE EPISODES

MANAGING SIDE EFFECTS

NEGATIVE, MOOD, AND COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS

SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR

STRATEGIES FOR POOR RESPONDERS

MAINTENANCE THERAPY

INTEGRATING PHARMACOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT

DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA

12.13 Psychiatric Rehabilitation

HISTORY

OVERVIEW OF TECHNIQUES

SUPPORTIVE HOUSING

INDIVIDUAL PLACEMENT AND SUPPORT

TECHNOLOGY TOOLS

SUMMARY

12.14 Medical Health in Schizophrenia

ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

MEDICAL CAUSES OF EXCESS MORTALITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

MECHANISMS OF DISEASE

INCREASED PREVALENCE OF MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PREVENTION

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

12.15 Recovery in Schizophrenia

DEFINING RECOVERY AND ITS EVOLUTION

JOURNEY OF RECOVERY

RECOVERY OUTCOMES

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICES

EXEMPLARY PRACTICES

ROLE OF PSYCHIATRIST

PEER SUPPORT SPECIALIST

12.16 Psychosis as a Defining Dimension in Schizophrenia

DSM-5: DEFINITION OF PSYCHOSIS

CATEGORICAL AND DIMENSIONAL DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

PSYCHOSIS SPECTRUM DISORDERS: DOES PSYCHOSIS CUT ACROSS THE FORMAL DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES?

BIOLOGIC FACTORS IN PSYCHOSIS: EVIDENCE FROM TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE INVESTIGATIONS

PSYCHOSIS AS A CLINICAL CONTINUUM: FROM ATTENUATED PSYCHOSIS PHENOTYPES TO FRANK PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

12.17 Other Psychotic Disorders

ACUTE AND TRANSIENT PSYCHOTIC DISORDER AND BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER

SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER

DELUSIONAL DISORDER

SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER

SUBSTANCE/MEDICATION-INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER

PSYCHOTIC DISORDER DUE TO ANOTHER MEDICAL CONDITION

CATATONIA

OTHER SPECIFIED SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDER AND UNSPECIFIED SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDER

ATTENUATED PSYCHOSIS SYNDROME

DELUSIONAL SYMPTOMS IN PARTNER OF INDIVIDUAL WITH DELUSIONAL DISORDER

13 Mood Disorders

13.1 Mood Disorders: Historical Introduction and Conceptual Overview

CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH SCOPE OF MOOD DISORDERS

DEFINITIONS

ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN DESCRIPTIONS

MODERN ERA

CONTEMPORARY MODELS OF DEPRESSION

THEORETICAL SYNTHESIS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

13.2 Mood Disorders: Epidemiology

DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY

CORRELATES OF MOOD DISORDERS

SOCIAL CORRELATES

PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS

COMORBIDITY

SERVICE PATTERNS

IMPACT OF MOOD DISORDERS

HISTORICAL TRENDS

13.3 Mood Disorders: Clinical Features

TERMINOLOGY

RECENT DIAGNOSTIC TRENDS

SPECTRUM OF MOOD DISORDERS

AFFECTS, MOODS, TEMPERAMENTS, AND THE MORBID MOOD STATES

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

DIAGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION

DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS

BIPOLAR DISORDERS

UNSPECIFIED MOOD DISORDERS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

13.4 Mood Disorders: Intrapsychic and Interpersonal Aspects

PSYCHODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF MOOD DISORDERS

PSYCHOANALYTIC DESCRIPTIONS OF MAJOR DEPRESSION

PSYCHOANALYTIC FORMULATIONS OF DYSTHYMIA

SYNTHESIS: DYNAMICS OF DEPRESSION

PSYCHOANALYTIC FORMULATIONS OF MANIA

COGNITIVE THEORY OF DEPRESSION

INTERPERSONAL THEORY OF DEPRESSION

13.5 Mood Disorders: Suicidal Behavior

FROM SUICIDE RISK ASSESSMENT TO SUICIDE RISK FORMULATION

EXPLORATION OF SUICIDE RISK IN MOOD DISORDERS: DATA FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSIES

CLINICALLY DETECTABLE SUICIDE RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH MOOD DISORDERS

SUICIDAL RISK EMERGING DURING ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT: THE ROLE OF UNDERLYING BIPOLARITY

PREVENTION OF SUICIDE IN PATIENTS WITH MOOD DISORDERS

13.6 Mood Disorders: Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression and Bipolar Disorders

TREATMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER—FOCUS ON PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF MOOD DISORDERS

13.7 Mood Disorders: Psychotherapy

HISTORY OF PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR DEPRESSION

REVIEW OF RESEARCH FINDINGS

APPLYING THE RESEARCH TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

TREATMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER WITH CBT

ADJUNCTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

13.8 Mood Disorders: Neurobiology

CLINICAL PHENOMENOLOGY

RISK FACTORS

ETIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS

EMOTIONAL PROCESSING AND THE BRAIN

STRESS AND ANIMAL MODELS OF DEPRESSION

MALTREATMENT AND EARLY ADVERSITY

MONOAMINE SYSTEMS: FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION

NORADRENERGIC SYSTEMS

SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEMS

DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEMS

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH ON MONOAMINES IN DEPRESSION

OTHER NEUROTRANSMITTER DISTURBANCES

NEUROPLASTICITY AND NEUROTROPHIC CHANGES IN MOOD DISORDERS

SECOND MESSENGERS AND INTRACELLULAR CASCADES

ALTERATIONS OF HORMONAL REGULATION

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

ALTERATIONS OF SLEEP NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING

IMMUNOLOGIC DISTURBANCE

SUMMARY

14 Anxiety Disorders

14.1 Anxiety Disorders: Introduction and Overview

BACKGROUND ON FEAR AND ANXIETY

DSM-5 MODIFICATIONS IN ANXIETY DISORDERS

ASSESSMENT OF ANXIETY

OVERVIEW OF ANXIETY DISORDERS SECTION

14.2 Clinical Features of the Anxiety Disorders

PANIC DISORDER AND THE PANIC ATTACK SPECIFIER

AGORAPHOBIA

SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER

SPECIFIC PHOBIA

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

SELECTIVE MUTISM

SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER

SUBSTANCE/MEDICATION-INDUCED ANXIETY DISORDER AND ANXIETY DISORDER DUE TO ANOTHER MEDICAL CONDITION

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

14.3 Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders

BACKGROUND: PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY

MAGNITUDE OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

CORRELATES AND RISK FACTORS

COURSE AND PERSISTENCE

IMPACT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

14.4 Anxiety Disorders: Neurobiology and Neuroscience

NEUROCHEMICAL BASIS OF FEAR AND ANXIETY

NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM

HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS

CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE

DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM

SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM

γ-Amino Butyric Acid and the Benzodiazepine System

GLUTAMATE SYSTEM

NEUROSTEROIDS

ARGININE VASOPRESSIN

OXYTOCIN

NEUROPEPTIDE Y

GALANIN

CHOLECYSTOKININ

ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM

INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

14.5 Neuroimaging and the Neuroanatomical Circuits Implicated in Anxiety Disorders

BRIDGING FROM PHENOMENOLOGY TO NEUROCIRCUITRY

PRECLINICAL STUDIES OF FEAR LEARNING

ANATOMICAL CORRELATES OF FEAR AND ANXIETY

OVERVIEW OF NEUROIMAGING TECHNOLOGY

HUMAN NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF FEAR CONDITIONING AND EXTINCTION

COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL ACTIVATION PROBES

NEUROIMAGING STUDIES OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

14.6 Anxiety Disorders: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

ASPECTS OF THE ANXIETY DISORDERS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT TO CBT

EMOTIONAL PROCESSING THEORY: A PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL OF ANXIETY DISORDERS AND THEIR TREATMENT

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY PROCEDURES FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS

14.7 Somatic Therapies for Anxiety Disorders

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

PHARMACOLOGIC OPTIONS FOR TREATING ANXIETY DISORDERS

TREATMENT RESPONSE AND COURSE OF ILLNESS ACROSS ANXIETY DISORDERS

MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL ANXIETY CONDITIONS

TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

SUMMARY

15 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER

HOARDING DISORDER

TRICHOTILLOMANIA (HAIR-PULLING DISORDER)

EXCORIATION (SKIN-PICKING) DISORDER

OCRD DUE TO ANOTHER MEDICAL DISORDER

SUBSTANCE/MEDICATION-INDUCED OCRD

OTHER SPECIFIED AND UNSPECIFIED OCRDS

CONCLUSION

16 Pathological and Problem Gambling: Gambling Disorder

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

NOSOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

FAMILY HISTORY

CLINICAL FEATURES

COMORBIDITY

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

ETIOLOGY

MATERIALIST RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESES

TREATMENT

GAMBLING AND THE LAW

THE FUTURE

THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON PROBLEM GAMBLING

CLINICAL VIGNETTES

17 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

18 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

SPECIFIC SOMATIC SYMPTOM AND RELATED DISORDERS

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS

THE FUTURE OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS—TOWARD A NEW DIAGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION?

19 Factitious Disorder

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

20 Dissociative Disorders

HISTORY

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS, MODERN SOCIETY, AND THE MEDIA

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

DSM-5 (AND TR) DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR THE DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

VALIDITY OF THE DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

STUDIES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS IN CLINICAL POPULATIONS

GENETICS AND DISSOCIATION

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISSOCIATION AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

ETIOLOGY OF DISSOCIATION AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION DISORDER

OTHER SPECIFIED DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

EXAMPLE 1: ATYPICAL PRESENTATIONS NOT MEETING FULL DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

COERCIVE PERSUASION

ACUTE DISSOCIATIVE REACTIONS TO STRESSFUL EVENTS

DISSOCIATIVE TRANCE DISORDER

21 Normal Sexuality and Sexual Disorders

21.1 Normal Human Sexuality and Sexual Dysfunctions

NORMAL SEXUALITY

BIOLOGIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE SEXES

PSYCHOSEXUALITY

SEXUAL LEARNING AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

LOVE AND INTIMACY

DESIRE, INTEREST, AND AROUSAL DISORDERS

PAIN DISORDER

SUBSTANCE/MEDICATION-INDUCED SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

TREATMENT

CULTURAL MORES AND SEXUALITY

21.2 Homosexuality, Gay and Lesbian Identities, and Homosexual Behavior

DEFINITIONS

THEORIES

PREVALENCE

ORIGINS OF HOMOSEXUALITY

LIFE STAGE AND CULTURAL ISSUES

CLINICAL APPROACHES

ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES

TRAINING AND RESEARCH NEEDS

INTERNET RESOURCES

21.3 Paraphilic Disorders

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT BACKGROUND

MODELS OF TREATMENT

ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

21.4 Gender Identity, Gender Diversity, Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence

DEFINITIONS

THEORIES

FREQUENCY

DIAGNOSIS

ORIGINS OF GENDER DYSPHORIA

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES

CLINICAL APPROACHES

ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES

TRAINING AND RESEARCH NEEDS

INTERNET RESOURCES

21.5 Sexual Addiction

DIAGNOSIS AND RELATED MATTERS

THE ADDICTIVE PROCESS

SELECTION OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

TREATMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

22 Feeding and Eating Disorders

DEFINITIONS

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

23 Sleep Disorders

OVERVIEW

SLEEP DISORDERS CLASSIFICATIONS

INSOMNIA DISORDER

HYPERSOMNOLENCE DISORDER

NARCOLEPSY

SLEEP-RELATED BREATHING DISORDERS

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP–WAKE DISORDERS

PARASOMNIAS (AND SLEEP-RELATED MOVEMENT DISORDERS)

SUBSTANCE/MEDICATION-INDUCED SLEEP DISORDER

TOOLS IN SLEEP MEDICINE

SLEEP DISORDERS CASES

SUMMARY

24 Impulse-Control Disorders

24.1 Intermittent Explosive Disorder

DIAGNOSIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

TREATMENT

24.2 Pyromania

DIAGNOSIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

TREATMENT

24.3 Kleptomania

DIAGNOSIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

TREATMENT

25 Adjustment Disorders

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY: DSM

HISTORY

DSM-5

DEFINITION

STRESSOR CRITERIA

SYMPTOMS

TEMPORAL COURSE

ICD

RELIABILITY

VALIDITY

CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

26 Personality Disorders

THREE INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS OF LEARNING AND ADAPTABILITY

FLUIDITY AND CREATIVITY IN THE DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

IMPORTANCE OF SELF-TRANSCENDENCE FOR PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH PROMOTION

GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT IN MEDICINE

BASIC DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

PERSONALITY: AN INTEGRATED VIEW

ESSENTIALS OF PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

CONCEPTUAL AND PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: A SELF-ORGANIZING BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL COMPLEX

PERSONALITY DISORDER

INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS

CLINICAL AND PSYCHOMETRIC ISSUES

PATHOGENESIS OF PERSONALITY DISORDER

TREATMENT

VOLUME II

27 Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine

27.1 History and Current Trends

ANCIENT HISTORY

MODERN HISTORY

HISTORY OF PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE RESEARCH

CURRENT TRENDS

THE CLINICAL PRACTICE OF CONSULTATION-LIAISON PSYCHIATRY

EVALUATION PROCESS IN CONSULTATION-LIAISON PSYCHIATRY

TREATMENTS USED IN CONSULTATION-LIAISON PSYCHIATRY

MENTAL DISORDERS IN PRIMARY CARE

RESEARCH IN PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE

CURRENT PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE RESEARCH

THE FIELD OF PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE AND C-L PSYCHIATRY

ACCESS TO CONSULTATION-LIAISON PSYCHIATRIC CARE: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

27.2 Cardiovascular Disorders

CAD AND HTN

MYOCARDIAL DISEASE

VALVULAR HEART DISEASE

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION DISEASE

MASQUERADERS

PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC DISEASE

PSYCHIATRIC SIDE EFFECTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

27.3 Gastrointestinal Disorders

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

FUNCTIONAL GI DISORDERS

FUNCTIONAL BOWEL DISORDERS: IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME

FUNCTIONAL ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS: FUNCTIONAL CHEST PAIN

THE ROLE OF THE PSYCHIATRIST IN MANAGING FUNCTIONAL GI DISORDERS

GENERAL PSYCHIATRIC APPROACH AND MANAGEMENT FOR FUNCTIONAL GI DISORDERS

SPECIFIC PSYCHIATRIC APPROACH AND MANAGEMENT FOR FUNCTIONAL GI DISORDERS

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND MANAGEMENT FOR FUNCTIONAL GI DISORDERS

PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES FOR FUNCTIONAL GI DISORDER

CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

27.4 Psychosomatic Medicine: Obesity

DEFINITION, NOSOLOGY, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS, CLINICAL FEATURES

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY CONSIDERATIONS

ETIOLOGY

PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITIES OF OBESITY

TREATMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

27.5 Respiratory Disorders

DEFINITION AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

ASTHMA

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

RESPIRATORY FAILURE

SOMATOFORM RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE MEDICATIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

27.6 Diabetes: Psychosocial Issues and Psychiatric Disorders

DIABETES: THE NATURE OF THE ILLNESS

PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIABETES, DEPRESSION, AND OBESITY

EFFECT OF DEPRESSION AND OTHER PSYCHIATRIC AND MEDICAL COMORBIDITIES

TREATING DIABETES AND DEPRESSION

PSYCHIATRIC MEDICATIONS, OBESITY, AND TYPE 2 DIABETES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

27.7 Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

THYROID DISORDERS

ADRENAL DISORDERS

DIABETES MELLITUS AND INSULIN RESISTANCE

POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

HYPERPROLACTINEMIA

27.8 Psycho-Oncology

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

INCIDENCE OF CANCER AND CANCER MORTALITY RATES IN THE UNITED STATES

COMMON PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CANCER

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN CANCER PATIENTS

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT IN PSYCHO-ONCOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN CANCER PATIENTS

PSYCHIATRIC SYNDROMES AND TUMOR SITE

PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS DUE TO CANCER TREATMENT

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCERNS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CANCER

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CANCER SCREENING

ETHICAL ISSUES

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF FAMILIES

PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES FOR STAFF

CANCER IN THE PSYCHOTHERAPIST

PEDIATRIC PSYCHO-ONCOLOGY

GERIATRIC PSYCHO-ONCOLOGY

CANCER RISK AND SURVIVAL

ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

WEBSITES

27.9 End-of-Life and Palliative Care

THE CHANGING WORLD

DEATH, LIVING, AND DYING

AWARENESS OF DEATH

HUMANISM IN MEDICINE

PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF PHYSICIANS

INSIDE THE MAELSTROM: PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF PHYSICIANS DURING AN EPIDEMIC OR PANDEMIC

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DOCTOR AND PATIENT

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED DISEASE

PRIMARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SYNDROMES AND SYMPTOMS IN TERMINALLY ILL PATIENTS

PSYCHOLOGICAL ACCOMPANIMENT OF THE DYING PATIENT

SPIRITUAL CONCERNS

PATIENT–FAMILY UNIT, THE FUTURE SURVIVORS

SURROGATE BURDENS AND FAMILY COPING DURING THE END OF LIFE

LEGAL ISSUES: ADVANCE DIRECTIVES, PROXIES, AND SURROGATES

CULTURAL, SPIRITUAL, AND RELIGIOUS ISSUES

STAFF–FAMILY INTERFACE

PEDIATRIC END-OF-LIFE CARE

ETHICAL RAMIFICATIONS OF THE TRIPARTITE CONNECTION

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

PSYCHIATRIC SYNDROMES IN THE TERMINALLY ILL CHILD

COMMUNICATION WITH ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS (AYA)

PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES OF HEALTHY SIBLINGS

STAFF DYNAMICS IN END-OF-LIFE CARE

END-OF-LIFE DECISIONS IN PEDIATRICS

WHERE WE STAND NOW

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

27.10 Stress and Psychiatry

HISTORY

VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE

MEASURING STRESS PSYCHOLOGICALLY

SELECTED PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES TO STRESSORS

PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY

STRESS AND PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS

PHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES TO STRESS MANAGEMENT

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES TO STRESS MANAGEMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

27.11 Psychiatric Morbidity Following Critical Illness

PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY IN CRITICAL ILLNESS SURVIVORS AND THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS

COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN CRITICAL ILLNESS SURVIVORS

PHYSICAL DYSFUNCTION IN CRITICAL ILLNESS SURVIVORS

INTERVENTIONS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN CRITICAL ILLNESS SURVIVORS

27.12 Psychocutaneous Disorder

PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT OF SKIN DISORDERS

KOO CLASSIFICATION OF PSYCHOCUTANEOUS DISORDERS

ESTABLISHED PSYCHODERMATOSES

PRIMARY DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS

SLEEP, CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS, AND SKIN

DERMATOLOGIC SIDE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

27.13 Organ Transplantation

ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION

PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AFFECTING ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION

SPECIAL ISSUES IN TRANSPLANTATION

27.14 Psychiatric Care of the Burned Patient

RISK AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING BURN INJURIES

ALCOHOL, SUBSTANCE ABUSE, AND BURN INJURY

DELIRIUM

PAIN MANAGEMENT

BURN INJURY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS

THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO GRIEF, REGRESSION, AND ANGER IN THE BURN PATIENT

PLASTIC SURGERY AND FACE GRAFTS

FAMILY SUPPORT

SELF-INFLICTED BURNS

CHILDREN AND BURN INJURY

STAFF SUPPORT

END OF LIFE AND ETHICS

27.15 Management of Chronic Pain

DEFINITION AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CONCLUSION

28 Additional Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention

28.1 Malingering

DEFINITION AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

CONTEXTS IN WHICH MALINGERING MAY PRESENT

CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF MALINGERING

CODING MALINGERING

COLLATERAL DIAGNOSTIC DATA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

28.2 Adult Antisocial Behavior, Criminality, and Violence

ORGANIZED CRIME

WHITE-COLLAR CRIME

MORALITY AND THE BRAIN

VIOLENCE

PEACE AND PEOPLE

HOMICIDE

PSYCHOPATHY

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON AGGRESSION

ABUSE

SOCIAL FACTORS AND VIOLENCE

BRAIN DYSFUNCTION AND VIOLENCE

SEVERE PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND VIOLENCE

OFF-COLOR CRIME? VIOLENCE BY THE MEDICAL PROFESSION

ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT VIOLENCE

28.3 Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Academic or Educational Problem

INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING

BORDERLINE INTELLECTUAL AND ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONING AS A CLINICAL ENTITY OF SIGNIFICANCE

CULTURAL SENSITIVITY: A FRESH PERSPECTIVE AND AN ORIGINAL VOICE

BORDERLINE INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING

ACADEMIC OR EDUCATIONAL PROBLEM

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

28.4 Relational Problems

DEFINITIONS

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

PARENT–CHILD RELATIONAL PROBLEM

SIBLING RELATIONAL PROBLEM

UPBRINGING AWAY FROM PARENTS

CHILD AFFECTED BY PARENTAL RELATIONSHIP DISTRESS

RELATIONSHIP DISTRESS WITH SPOUSE OR INTIMATE PARTNER

DISRUPTION OF FAMILY BY SEPARATION OR DIVORCE

HIGH EXPRESSED EMOTION LEVEL WITHIN FAMILY

UNCOMPLICATED BEREAVEMENT

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH

29 Cultural Concepts of Distress and Assessment

29.1 Cultural Concepts of Distress

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

RELATIONSHIP TO PSYCHIATRIC CLASSIFICATION

EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL CONCEPTS OF DISTRESS

ONGOING WORK ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURAL CONCEPTS OF DISTRESS AND PSYCHIATRIC NOSOLOGY

USING CULTURAL CONCEPTS OF DISTRESS TO IMPROVE MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

CONCLUSION

29.2 Cultural Assessments in Psychiatry

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

KEY DOMAINS IN PATIENT CULTURAL ASSESSMENTS

The Cultural Formulation Interview in DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

30 Special Areas of Interest

30.1 Psychiatry and Reproductive Medicine

REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT

MENSTRUAL CYCLES

REPRODUCTION

SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

FERTILITY AND INFERTILITY

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

PELVIC PAIN

PREMENSTRUAL MOOD SYNDROMES

PERINATAL PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

REPRODUCTIVE SENESCENCE

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

30.2 Genetic Counseling for Psychiatric Conditions

WHAT IS GENETIC COUNSELING?

GENETIC COUNSELING FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

THE ROLES OF THE GENOME AND ENVIRONMENT IN MENTAL HEALTH

PRIORITIES OF PSYCHIATRIC GENETIC COUNSELING

CHALLENGES POSED BY GENOMIC TESTING FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

ADDITIONAL ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

30.3 Physical Violence on Adults

TYPES OF ASSAULT, PREVALENCE, AND RISK FACTORS

VIOLENT CRIME

RAPE

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

WORKPLACE VIOLENCE

SEQUELAE OF VIOLENCE AND ASSAULT

TREATMENT ISSUES

30.4 Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Approaches in Mental Health Care

DEFINITIONS AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES

SAFETY

OVERVIEW OF CAM ASSESSMENT APPROACHES IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE

COMPLEMENTARY, ALTERNATIVE, AND INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES USED TO TREAT MENTAL ILLNESS

REVIEWS OF COMPLEMENTARY, ALTERNATIVE, AND INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES

30.5 Micronutrient Monitoring and Supplementation in Psychiatric Illness

VITAMIN D

VITAMIN B12

FOLATE (VITAMIN B9)

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS

SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

30.6 Disaster Psychiatry: Disasters, Terrorism, and War

ENVIRONMENTS OF CARE IN DISASTER AND MILITARY OPERATIONS

TRAUMATIC STRESS RESPONSE IN POPULATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS

ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

MANAGEMENT AND CARE DELIVERY

SPECIAL TOPICS IN DISASTER PSYCHIATRY: RESPONDING TO NATURAL, HUMAN-MADE, AND WAR EVENTS

FUTURE CHALLENGES AND EVOLVING ISSUES

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

DISCLAIMER

30.7 Psychiatry and Spirituality

FORMS AND METHODS OF ACHIEVING SPIRITUALITY

SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

30.8 Physician and Medical Student Mental Health

CURRENT FORCES IN HEALTH CARE

BURNOUT

MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS

LIFE PHASES IN MEDICINE

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

30.9 Computers in Psychiatry

EARLY INTERNET AND COMPUTERS

IMPROVING TECHNOLOGIES

HEALTH 2.0

APPS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

CONCLUSION

31 Psychiatric Emergencies

31.1 Suicide: Overview of Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors, Treatment, and Prevention

EPIDEMIOLOGY

RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR SUICIDE

PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND SUICIDE

SPECIAL POPULATIONS

SUICIDE RISK ASSESSMENT

MANAGEMENT OF THE SUICIDAL PATIENT

PHARMACOTHERAPY

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS

LOSS SURVIVORS

PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE AND PREVENTION

31.2 Suicide Treatment

SUICIDE-RISK ASSESSMENT

THE TREATMENT OF SUICIDE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

31.3 Other Psychiatric Emergencies

HISTORY

PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT

PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCIES RESULTING FROM SUBSTANCE INTOXICATION

PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCIES RESULTING FROM SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL

OTHER PES-RELATED ISSUES

PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES IN THE PES

LEGAL ISSUES IN EMERGENCY PSYCHIATRY

CONCLUSION

32 Psychotherapies

32.1 Psychotherapy Integration

COMMON FACTORS APPROACH TO INTEGRATION

TECHNICAL ECLECTICISM

ASSIMILATIVE APPROACH TO INTEGRATION

THEORETICAL INTEGRATION

OTHER RECENT APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION: PLURALISM, STEPPED CARE, AND DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPEUTICS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

32.2 Supportive Psychotherapy

RESEARCH

CLINICAL ISSUES, STRATEGIES, AND TECHNIQUES

32.3 Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy

CORE CONCEPTS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC MODELS OF MIND

CORE CONCEPTS OF CLINICAL PROCESS

DERIVATIVES OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

32.4 Psychoanalytic Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Trauma-Related Disorders

THEORETICAL ISSUES

SPECIFIC PHOBIA

PANIC DISORDER

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY IN THE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

32.5 Intensive Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapies

HISTORY

CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF STDPS

EMERGING SHORT-TERM DYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPIES

32.6 Individual Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PSYCHOSIS

THE IMPACT OF LESS THAN OPTIMAL FAMILY RELATIONS IN SOLIDIFYING PRIMITIVE UNCONSCIOUS PHANTASY

TECHNIQUE

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

CASE STUDY

32.7 Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder

WHAT IS BPD: A REVIEW OF SYMPTOMS

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT BPD: PREVALENCE, COURSE, AND COSTS TO PATIENTS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES

WHAT WORKS FOR BPD: COMMON FACTORS FROM EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENTS COMBINED IN A GENERALIST APPROACH TO CARE

CONCLUSIONS

32.8 Behavior Therapy

HISTORY OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY

PRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY

TECHNIQUES OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

32.9 Cognitive Behavior Therapy

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

TECHNIQUES

CLINICAL ISSUES

GOALS OF TREATMENT

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

32.10 Interpersonal Psychotherapy

HISTORY

TIME-LIMITED INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY

TECHNIQUES

INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY DELIVERED IN A GROUP FORMAT

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

32.11 Dialectical Behavior Therapy

DEFINITION

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

TECHNIQUES

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

32.12 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

CORE SFBT SKILLS

SUMMARY

32.13 Single-Session Therapy

A BRIEF HISTORY OF SST

SINGLE-SESSION THINKING: ONE AT A TIME

THE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF SESSIONS AND THERAPY

KEY SINGLE-SESSION THINKING AND PRACTICE IDEAS

SOME EXAMPLES OF SST

THE ROLE OF ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT IN SST

SST: TOWARD THE FUTURE

CODA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

32.14 Mentalization-Based Treatment

DEFINITION

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

TECHNIQUES

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

32.15 Narrative Psychiatry

WHAT IS NARRATIVE?

NARRATIVE PSYCHIATRY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

32.16 Positive Psychology

HISTORY OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

CONCERNS OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND CRITICISMS

EMPIRICAL FINDINGS

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND CLINICAL WORK

CONCLUSIONS

32.17 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

FUNCTIONAL CONTEXTUALISM

RELATIONAL FRAME THEORY

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

PROCESSES

32.18 Hallucinogen-Assisted Psychotherapy

DEFINITION

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS

PROPOSED MECHANISM OF PSYCHEDELICS

HISTORY

PRINCIPLES AND GOALS OF THERAPY

CLINICAL ISSUES

CLINICAL RESEARCH

MDMA

KETAMINE

CONCLUSION

32.19 Hypnosis

HISTORY

THE TRAIT OF HYPNOTIZABILITY

HYPNOSIS AND SUGGESTIBILITY

THE DOMAIN OF HYPNOTIC EXPERIENCES AND BEHAVIOR

DIMENSIONS AND PHENOMENA OF THE HYPNOTIC EXPERIENCE

DEFINITION OF HYPNOSIS

HYPNOSIS AS REDISTRIBUTED ATTENTIVENESS

TRANCE CHARACTERISTICS

SOCIAL INFLUENCE MODELS FOR HYPNOTIC RESPONDING

THE STATE/NONSTATE CONTROVERSY

USING HYPNOTIC CHARACTERISTICS IN CLINICAL CONTEXT

NEUROBIOLOGY AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF HYPNOSIS

THE ASSESSMENT OF HYPNOTIZABILITY

THE HYPNOTIC INDUCTION CEREMONY

HYPNOTHERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING AND HYPNOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES

HYPNOSIS—CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

HYPNOSIS AND PAIN

Hypnosis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

HYPNOSIS AND ASTHMA

HYPNOSIS AND IMMUNE-RELATED DISORDERS

HYPNOSIS AND SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

HYPNOSIS AND DERMATOLOGY

HYPNOSIS AND ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS

HYPNOSIS IN FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

32.20 Family and Couples Therapy

HISTORICAL TRENDS

DEFINITION

SCHOOLS OF FAMILY THERAPY

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

COUPLES GROUP THERAPY

RESEARCH AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

32.21 Group Psychotherapy

FOUR PHASES OF GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY

DEFINITION

HISTORICAL ROOTS

THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS

SELF–HELP GROUPS

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF GROUPS

SELECTION OF GROUP MEMBERS

PREGROUP PREPARATION

STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT

LEADERSHIP ISSUES

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

RESEARCH ISSUES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

32.22 Psychodrama, Sociodrama, Sociometry, and Sociatry

THE PSYCHODRAMATIC SYSTEM

HISTORY

METHODS, TECHNIQUES, CLINICAL ISSUES

THEORIES THAT INFORM THE METHOD

PSYCHODRAMA AS A TREATMENT OF CHOICE FOR TRAUMA

PSYCHODRAMA RESEARCH

ETHICS IN TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE

SOCIAL AND ORGANIC UNITY OF HUMANITY

32.23 Other Methods of Psychotherapy

CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY

DIGNITY THERAPY

PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR THE DEAF

EXISTENTIAL PSYCHOTHERAPIES

PARADOXICAL AND STRATEGIC THERAPIES

TRANSACTIONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY

GUIDED IMAGERY THERAPY

TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY

32.24 Evaluating Psychotherapy: Research Methods, Findings, and Future Directions

PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH

CONSUMERS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS

EFFICACY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMON EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENTS

TREATMENT VARIABLES RELATED TO OUTCOME

PATIENT VARIABLES RELATED TO OUTCOME

EMERGING THEMES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

33 Biologic Therapies

33.1 Preface

WHAT’S NEW IN THE BIOLOGIC THERAPIES SECTION?

33.1a General Principles of Psychopharmacology

RECEPTOR PHARMACOLOGY

INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS

INTEGRATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTER SIGNALS

GENERAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY

ANTIDEPRESSANT PROPERTIES OF PSYCHEDELICS

REGULATORY ISSUES

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

DRUG FACTORS

PATIENT-RELATED FACTORS

INFORMED CONSENT AND PATIENT EDUCATION

DOSING, DURATION, AND MONITORING

TREATMENT OUTCOMES

COMBINATION OF DRUGS

SPECIAL POPULATIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

33.1b Drug Development and Approval Process in the United States

SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES IN CNS DRUG DEVELOPMENT

THE CLINICAL SCIENCE CHALLENGE: FACTORS IMPACTING SIGNAL DETECTION IN CLINICAL TRIALS

FEW USEFUL DEFINITIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT

MORE RELEVANT OUTCOME MEASURES

HISTORY OF DRUG REGULATION

STRUCTURE OF THE FDA

NEW DRUG DEVELOPMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR FDA

CONCLUSION

33.1c Classification of Psychotropics: Neuroscience-Based Nomenclature (NbN)

PRINCIPLES OF THE NEUROSCIENCE-BASED NOMENCLATURE

PHARMACOLOGICALLY DRIVEN GROUPING

DOPAMINE BLOCKERS AND THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHOSIS

DOPAMINE ENHANCERS

MONOAMINE ENHANCERS AND THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION

CATION CHANNEL BLOCKERS, LITHIUM, AND THE TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR DISORDER

ADDITIONAL LAYERS TO NBN AND CLINICAL AIDS

CONCLUSION

33.2 Dopamine Blockers (“Antipsychotics”)

33.2a Dopamine Antagonists

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

PHARMACODYNAMICS

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DOPAMINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

INTERPRETATION

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

CHRONIC EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYNDROMES

BEHAVIORAL SIDE EFFECTS

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS

OTHER DOPAMINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS EFFECTS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCES

TREATMENT OF ACUTE PSYCHOSIS

MAINTENANCE TREATMENT

33.2b Dopamine-Serotonin Antagonists

Comparisons of DSAs

DOPAMINE, SEROTONIN

DOPAMINE, SEROTONIN, NOREPINEPHRINE α2

DOPAMINE, SEROTONIN, NET (NE TRANSPORTER) INHIBITOR (METABOLITE)

SEROTONIN, DOPAMINE

SEROTONIN, DOPAMINE, NOREPINEPHRINE

DOPAMINE, SEROTONIN, SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER

33.2c Dopamine Blockers and Neuromotor Adverse Effects

HISTORY

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL OF MOVEMENT

MEDICATION-INDUCED PARKINSONISM

NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME

MEDICATION-INDUCED ACUTE DYSTONIA

MEDICATION-INDUCED ACUTE AKATHISIA

TARDIVE DYSKINESIA

MEDICATION-INDUCED POSTURAL TREMOR

TARDIVE DYSTONIA/TARDIVE AKATHISIA

OTHER MEDICATION-INDUCED MOVEMENT DISORDER

ANTIDEPRESSANT DISCONTINUATION SYNDROME

SUMMARY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

33.3 Dopamine Partial Agonists

33.3a Dopamine Partial Agonists

ARIPIPRAZOLE

BREXPIPRAZOLE

CARIPRAZINE

33.4 Dopamine Enhancers

33.4a Dopamine Receptor Agonists

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCE

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

FUNDING AND DISCLOSURES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

33.4b Amphetamines, Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine, and Modafinil

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF PSYCHOSTIMULANTS

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF PSYCHOSTIMULANTS

MODAFINIL (PROVIGIL)

ATOMOXETINE (STRATTERA)

33.5 Monoamine Enhancers (“Antidepressants”)

33.5a Reuptake Inhibitors

33.5a.1 erotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRIs)

OVERVIEW

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PHARMACODYNAMICS

Basis for the Delayed Onset of Therapeutic Effects of SSRIs

TOLERABILITY

CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF INDIVIDUAL SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS

FLUOXETINE

SERTRALINE

PAROXETINE AND PAROXETINE CR

FLUVOXAMINE AND FLUVOXAMINE CR

CITALOPRAM AND ESCITALOPRAM

DRUG INTERACTIONS

DOSING AND ADMINISTRATION

SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS AND SUICIDALITY

PREGNANCY

USE IN CHILDREN

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

33.5a.2 Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)

VENLAFAXINE AND DESVENLAFAXINE

DULOXETINE

MILNACIPRAN AND LEVOMILNACIPRAN

SUMMARY

33.5a.3 Tricyclics and Tetracyclics

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCES

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

33.5a.4 Dopamine-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (Bupropion)

PHARMACOLOGY

CLINICAL USES

SIDE EFFECTS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

OVERDOSE

DOSING AND FORMULATIONS

33.5b 5HT1A Receptor Partial Agonists (Buspirone)

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

PHARMACOKINETICS

METABOLISM AND ELIMINATION

PHARMACODYNAMICS

CLINICAL TRIALS

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

33.5c Vilazodone and Vortioxetine

VILAZODONE

VORTIOXETINE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

33.5d Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

MECHANISM OF ACTION

CLASSIFICATION

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS

33.6 Monoamine Modulators

33.6a Trazodone

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGY

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCE

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

33.6b Nefazodone

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

33.6c Mirtazapine

PHARMACOLOGY

INDICATIONS

OTHER INDICATIONS FOR MIRTAZAPINE

MIRTAZAPINE USE DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

TOLERABILITY, SAFETY, AND TOXICITY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

33.7 Serotonin Antagonists/Inverse Agonists

33.7a Pimavanserin

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

33.8 Noradrenaline Modulators

33.8a α2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: Clonidine, Clonidine Extended Release, Guanfacine, and Guanfacine Extended Release

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECT ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCE

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

33.8b β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

PHARMACODYNAMICS

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

TERATOGENIC EFFECTS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

33.9 GABA Enhancers

33.9a Barbiturates and Similarly Acting Substances

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCES

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

NONBARBITURATE, NONBENZODIAZEPINE SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC AGENTS

OTHER SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS

33.9b Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists and Antagonists

GABA–BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR COMPLEX

BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR LIGANDS

BENZODIAZEPINES

NONBENZODIAZEPINE AGONISTS OF THE BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR

BREXANOLONE

NONPRESCRIPTION, DESIGNER AND OTHER ILLICIT BENZODIAZEPINES

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

USE IN PREGNANCY

BENZODIAZEPINES IN THE ELDERLY

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS

DRUG INTERACTIONS AND LABORATORY INTERFERENCES

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS

33.10 Cation Function Modulators and Lithium (“Mood Stabilizers”)

33.10a Calcium Channel Inhibitors

CALCIUM CHANNELS

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS AND PREDICTION OF RESPONSE

33.10b Gabapentin, Topiramate, Tiagabine, Levetiracetam, Zonisamide, and Pregabalin

GABAPENTIN

TOPIRAMATE

TIAGABINE

LEVETIRACETAM

ZONISAMIDE

PREGABALIN

PERAMPANEL

33.10c Carbamazepine

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

PHARMACODYNAMICS

CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

33.10d Lamotrigine

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCES

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

33.10e Valproate

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

VALPROATE AND LABORATORY INTERFERENCE

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

33.10f Lithium

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

POLYPHARMACY AND ADMINISTRATION OF LITHIUM

THE IMPORTANCE OF PATIENT HISTORY

EFFECTS OF LITHIUM IN NORMALS

MECHANISMS OF ACTION INCLUDING ANIMAL MODELS

SUICIDALITY

LITHIUM IN PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH, AND LACTATION

CHILDHOOD USE

GERIATRIC USE

LITHIUM IN CLUSTER HEADACHE AND ALZHEIMER’S

LITHIUM IN AMPHETAMINE, METHYLPHENIDATE, OR COCAINE ABUSE

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PREDICTION OF LITHIUM RESPONSE IN BIPOLAR DISORDER

TOXICITY

SIDE EFFECTS

LITHIUM IN SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER

LITHIUM AND AGGRESSIVITY

LITHIUM AUGMENTATION OF ACUTE ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT

LITHIUM IN UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION MAINTENANCE THERAPY

IS LITHIUM IN ANY SENSE SPECIFIC?

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

33.11 Acetylcholine Blockers and Enhancers

33.11a Anticholinergics and Amantadine

HISTORY

ATROPINE

ANTICHOLINERGIC AGENTS

SCOPOLAMINE

AMANTADINE

33.11b Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Memantine

TACRINE

DONEPEZIL

RIVASTIGMINE

GALANTAMINE

MEMANTINE

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

33.12 Histamine Modulators

33.12a Histamine Blockers and Enhancers

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

METABOLISM

ELIMINATION

PHARMACODYNAMICS

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

COMMONLY USED HISTAMINERGIC AGENTS IN PSYCHIATRY

OTHER THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS IN PSYCHIATRY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE EVENTS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCES

DOSAGE ADMINISTRATION

33.13 Pharmacological Treatments of Substance Abuse

33.13a Opioid Receptor Modulators

33.13a.1 Opioid Maintenance Treatments: Methadone and Buprenorphine

PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL

OPIOID AGONIST THERAPIES FOR OPIOID USE DISORDER

METHADONE

BUPRENORPHINE

OPIOID AGONISTS IN THE TREATMENT OF PAIN IN INDIVIDUALS WITH ADDICTIVE DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

33.13a.2 Opioid Receptor Antagonists: Naltrexone and Nalmefene

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCES

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS

33.13b Disulfiram and Acamprosate

DISULFIRAM

ACAMPROSATE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

33.14 Fast-Acting Pharmacologic Treatments

33.14a Esketamine and Ketamine

HISTORY

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

FUNDING AND DISCLOSURES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

33.14b MDMA, Psilocybin, Ayahuasca, and Ibogaine

BACKGROUND AND EARLY STUDIES PREBANNING

THE TWENTY-FIRST–CENTURY RESURRECTION OF PSYCHEDELICS AND MDMA IN PSYCHIATRY

PSILOCYBIN TRIALS

DMT AND AYAHUASCA

IBOGAINE

METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE

HOW DO THESE DRUGS WORK?

MICRODOSING

33.15 Hormone Receptor Enhancers

33.15a Melatonin Receptor Agonists

CHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

CLINICAL DRUG STUDIES

EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS AND SYSTEMS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

DRUG INTERACTIONS

LABORATORY INTERFERENCE

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS

33.15b Thyroid Hormones

USE OF THYROID HORMONES IN TREATMENT

THYROID HORMONE BIOCHEMISTRY

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION

THYROID FUNCTION IN PRIMARY AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

AFFECTIVE DISORDERS IN PRIMARY THYROID DISORDERS

CLINICAL HORMONE STUDIES

33.16 Combination Pharmacotherapy

COMBINATION STRATEGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSION

COMBINATION PHARMACOTHERAPY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER

COMBINATION STRATEGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

33.17 Sex and Psychopharmacology

33.17a Sex Differences in Psychopharmacology

SEX DIFFERENCES IN PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS

GONADAL STEROID MODULATION

REPRODUCTIVE PERIODS THAT AFFECT PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS

SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF SPECIFIC DRUG CLASSES

EFFICACY AND SAFETY

CONCLUSION

33.17b Reproductive Hormonal Therapy: Theory and Practice

STRUCTURE AND ACTIONS

WHY REPRODUCTIVE HORMONAL THERAPY?

TYPES OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE THERAPY IN AFFECTIVE ILLNESS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

33.17c Pharmacologic Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

ASSESSMENT

TREATMENT

PSYCHOTROPIC-INDUCED SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT

RECOMMENDATIONS

33.18 Psychopharmacology Across the Life Cycle

33.18a Pediatric Psychopharmacology

ROLE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

PEDIATRIC ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS

PHARMACOTHERAPIES FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER AND SCHIZOPHRENIA IN YOUTH

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

CONSIDERATIONS FOR EFFECTIVE PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

33.18b Biologic Therapies: Geriatric Psychopharmacology

33.19 Biologic Therapies Around the Globe

33.19a Essential List of Medicines

THE ESSENTIAL LIST OF MEDICINES

33.19b Biologic Therapies in Africa

OVERVIEW OF THE EFFICACY AND SIDE EFFECTS OF BIOLOGIC THERAPIES IN AFRICA

SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATIONS

ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY

TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE STIMULATION

ATTITUDES OF PATIENTS AND CLINICIANS TO PHYSICAL THERAPIES

PHARMACOECONOMICS

33.19c Biologic Therapies in India

33.19d Biologic Therapies in Latin America

PREVALENCE AND GAP IN TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS

PARTICULARITIES IN DRUG TREATMENT AND DRUG RESPONSE

OTHER BIOLOGIC THERAPIES

33.20 Brain Stimulation

33.20a Electroconvulsive Therapy

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

ELECTRICAL INDUCTION OF SEIZURES

MECHANISMS OF ACTION

INDICATIONS

PATIENT MANAGEMENT

INTERACTIONS OF MEDICATIONS AND ECT

PHYSIOLOGY, ADVERSE EFFECTS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS TO ECT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

33.20b Brain Stimulation Methods

THERAPEUTIC NEUROMODULATION: TREATING PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS THROUGH BRAIN STIMULATION

PSYCHIATRIC APPLICATIONS OF BRAIN STIMULATION

BRAIN STIMULATION TOOLS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

33.20c Neurosurgical Treatments

HISTORY

PATIENT SELECTION

PREOPERATIVE WORKUP

POSTOPERATIVE CARE

DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL STUDIES

LESION PROCEDURES

DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION

CURRENT STATE OF PSYCHIATRIC NEUROSURGERY

RESEARCH AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

34 Child Psychiatry

34.1 Introduction and Overview

UPDATES IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY

CLASSIFICATION OF CHILDHOOD PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND HIGHLIGHTS OF MODIFICATIONS IN DSM-5-TR AND DISORDERS UNDER CONSIDERATION

DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE: IDENTIFYING THE EMERGENCE OF A CHILDHOOD PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER

GENE X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS: RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS

INTERVENTIONS FOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN YOUTH

34.2 Child Development

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

SENSORY DEVELOPMENT

GENDER IDENTITY

RACIAL AND ETHNIC IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

34.3 Adolescent Development

DEFINITION

WHAT IS TYPICAL IN ADOLESCENCE?

CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS

STAGES OF ADOLESCENCE

COMPONENTS OF ADOLESCENCE

ADOLESCENT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT: CORRELATIONS WITH EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL, AND COGNITIVE CHANGES

CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES AND ADOLESCENCE

35 Child Psychiatric Examination

35.1 Psychiatric Examination of the Infant, Child, and Adolescent

CLINICAL INTERVIEW OF THE CHILD

SPECIAL ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF ADOLESCENTS

ASSESSMENT OF INFANTS AND TODDLERS

SPECIAL TYPES OF ASSESSMENT

STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

PEDIATRIC AND OTHER ADJUNCTIVE EVALUATIONS

DIAGNOSTIC FORMULATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

35.2 Psychiatric Assessment of Preschool Children

DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE CRITERIA FOR PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS AND DISORDERS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

COMPREHENSIVE, EVIDENCE-BASED PSYCHIATRIC ASSESSMENTS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

CLINICAL FORMULATION AND TREATMENT PLANNING

35.3 Neuropsychological and Psychoeducational Assessment of Children

BASICS OF COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT

PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

COGNITIVE DOMAINS OF ASSESSMENT

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CONCLUSIONS

DIFFERENT APPROACHES

35.4 Psychiatric Emergencies in Children and Adolescents

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PRIORITIES OF EMERGENCY PSYCHIATRIC EVALUATION FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY PSYCHIATRIC CARE FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

SPECIFIC PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCIES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CONFIDENTIALITY

MODELS OF CARE AND INNOVATIONS

CONCLUSION

36 Genetics in Child Psychiatry

THE GENETIC BASIS OF PSYCHIATRIC DISEASE

PHARMACOGENOMICS IN CHILD PSYCHIATRY

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS

LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT RESEARCH

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

37 Neuroimaging in Psychiatric Disorders of Childhood

TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

SPECIFIC NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

38 Temperament: Risk and Protective Factors for Child Psychiatric Disorders

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

DEFINITION OF TEMPERAMENT

MAJOR DIMENSIONS

FEATURES OF TEMPERAMENT

NEUROBIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY

TEMPERAMENT AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

OTHER CONCEPTS IN TEMPERAMENT–PSYCHOPATHOLOGY RELATIONS

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

39 Intellectual Disability

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

DEFINITION OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

PREVALENCE

GENETIC INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY SYNDROMES AND BEHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES

DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

TREATMENT

TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS

40 Specific Learning Disorder

SIGNIFICANCE OF SLD FOR PSYCHIATRISTS

DEFINITION

HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

CLINICAL FEATURES, ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS, AND DIAGNOSIS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

41 Developmental Coordination Disorder

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

CLINICAL FEATURES OF DCD

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

42 Communication

42.1 Language Disorder

DEFINITION AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

42.2 Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

HISTORY

DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

ETIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE

TREATMENT

SUMMARY

42.3 Speech Sound Disorder

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

42.4 Stuttering

HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

42.5 Unspecified Communication Disorder

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

43 Autism Spectrum Disorders

OVERVIEW

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

POSTMORTEM AND NEUROIMAGING STUDIES

NEUROCHEMISTRY

IMMUNE THEORIES OF ASD

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

44 Attention-Deficit Disorders

44.1 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

HISTORY

DIAGNOSIS AND DEFINITION

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

MEDICAL AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

RATING SCALES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT OF ADHD

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

SPECIFIC CASE OF CHILDHOOD ADHD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

44.2 Adult Manifestations of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

45 Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Children and Adolescents

OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER

CONDUCT DISORDER

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

46 Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood

DEFINITION

HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

SPECIFIC FEEDING DISORDER SUBTYPES

47 Tic Disorders

DEFINITIONS

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

48 Elimination Disorders

ENURESIS

ENCOPRESIS

49 Other Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

49.1 Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

ATTACHMENT THEORY

IMPACT OF EARLY ENVIRONMENT

EVOLVING NOSOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS

49.2 Stereotypic Movement Disorders in Children

HISTORY

ETIOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

NOSOLOGY

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

ICD-10 AND 11

DIAGNOSIS

INJURIOUS BEHAVIORS

TREATMENT

50 Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents

50.1 Depressive Disorders and Suicide

DEFINITION

HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS/ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT

PSYCHOTHERAPY

TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION

OTHER TREATMENT COMPONENTS

SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

50.2 Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder

HISTORY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY, MECHANISMS, AND RISK FACTORS

BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

ASSESSMENT

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE

TREATMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

51 Anxiety Disorders in Children

51.1 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Childhood

DEFINITIONS

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

51.2 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

51.3 Separation Anxiety, Generalized Anxiety, and Social Anxiety

SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER

SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

51.4 Selective Mutism

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

52 Early-Onset Psychotic Disorders

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

53 Child Psychiatry: Psychiatric Treatment

53.1 Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (Child Psychiatry)

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHODYNAMIC WORK WITH CHILDREN

PRACTICAL MATTERS

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

AN OVERVIEW OF THE PHASES OF TREATMENT

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

53.2 Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

TECHNIQUES

CLINICAL ISSUES

CASE EXAMPLES

GOALS OF TREATMENT

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

53.3 Group Psychotherapy

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

TECHNIQUES

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

53.4 Family Therapy

PROCESS OF FAMILY THERAPY

PROMOTING EFFECTIVE AND REWARDING PARENTING

FAMILY THERAPY FOR SPECIFIC PROBLEMS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

53.5 Pediatric Psychopharmacology

DEVELOPMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY

ROLE OF PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

ANXIETY DISORDERS

PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

PHARMACOTHERAPIES FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)

POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

SCHIZOPHRENIA

EXTERNALIZING DISORDERS

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD)

SLEEP-RELATED DISORDERS

Tic DISORDERS

CONCLUSIONS

53.6 Inpatient Psychiatric, Partial Hospitalization, and Residential Treatment for Children and Adolescents

REASONS FOR HOSPITALIZATION AND TYPICAL REFERRAL SOURCES

LEVELS OF CARE

CHALLENGES RELATED TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

53.7 Community-Based Treatment

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

TECHNIQUES

ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF PSYCHIATRISTS

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS

53.8 The Treatment of Adolescents

CONTROVERSIES IN CONCEPTUALIZING NORMALITY AND PATHOLOGY IN ADOLESCENCE

WHEN DOES AN ADOLESCENT REQUIRE TREATMENT?

MODALITY OF PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT

RESILIENCE AND WELL-BEING

EFFECTIVE ADOLESCENT THERAPY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

54 Child Psychiatry: Special Areas of Interest

54.1 Adoption and Foster Care

FOSTER CARE

ADOPTION

54.2 Child Maltreatment

DEFINITIONS

HISTORY OF CHILD MALTREATMENT

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

RISK FACTORS

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

EVALUATION PROCESS

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF SUSPECTED CHILD MALTREATMENT

SPECIAL TESTS AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

SPECIAL ISSUES

REPORTING LAWS AND PRACTICES

TREATMENT

PREVENTION

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

54.3 Children’s Reaction to Illness and Hospitalization

HISTORY

CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRIC HOSPITALS

COLLABORATIVE CARE, INTEGRATED CARE, AND THE MEDICAL HOME

IMPACT OF ILLNESS AND HOSPITALIZATION ON CHILDREN

IMPACT OF CHILD’S ILLNESS ON FAMILIES

A CHILD’S RESPONSE TO ILLNESS AND HOSPITALIZATION AT DIFFERENT AGES

RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ILLNESSES

TRANSITION FROM PEDIATRIC TO ADULT MEDICAL CARE

SOCIAL MEDIA

54.4 Psychiatric Sequel of HIV and AIDS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

CLINICAL FEATURES

TREATMENT

CONCLUSION

54.5 Adolescent Substance Use Disorders

PREVALENCE OF SUBSTANCE USE

CLINICAL EVALUATION

SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, AND CONCLUSION

54.6 Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

GUIDELINES

TREATING CLINICIANS TAKING ON A FORENSIC ROLE

FORENSIC EVALUATIONS

CUSTODY ISSUES

CIVIL LITIGATION

JUVENILE JUSTICE CASES

TELEHEALTH FORENSIC EVALUATIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

54.7 Ethical Issues in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

CODES OF MEDICAL ETHICS—NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL

MEDICINE AND MENTAL DISTURBANCE

CHILDREN AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

CHILD-RELATED CONCERNS

EFFECTS OF CULTURE AND RELIGION

PROVISION OF CARE

CURRENT AND FUTURE ISSUES

TEACHING ETHICS AND REPORTING VIOLATIONS

54.8 School Consultation and Collaborating With the Educational System

EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES AND MENTAL HEALTH

SCHOOL SYSTEMS

SCHOOL RESOURCES AND PROGRAMMING

ROLE OF PSYCHIATRISTS IN SCHOOLS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

54.9 Prevention of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents

DEFINITIONS

EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH ON THE PREVENTION OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN YOUTH

COMMUNITY-LEVEL PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR CHILD MALTREATMENT

ISSUES IN THE PREVENTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS

LOOKING FORWARD TO THE FUTURE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

54.10 Child Mental Health Services Research

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

ACCESS TO CARE

QUALITY OF CARE

AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

54.11 Impact of Terrorism and School Shootings on Children

DEFINITION OF TERRORISM

CHILDHOOD REACTIONS TO TERRORISM-INDUCED TRAUMA

RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR CHILDREN EXPOSED TO TERRORISM

CHILDREN’S RESPONSES TO MEDIA EXPOSURE TO TERRORIST EVENTS AND SCHOOL SHOOTINGS

LITERATURE REVIEW OF TERRORIST EVENTS

CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS AND TREATMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

54.12 Impact on Parents of Raising a Child with Psychiatric Illness and/or Developmental Disability

IMPACT ON PARENTS OF RAISING A CHILD WITH AN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

IMPACT ON PARENTS OF RAISING A CHILD WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER

IMPACT ON PARENTS OF RAISING A CHILD WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

IMPACT ON FAMILIES OF RAISING A CHILD DIAGNOSED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

SUMMARY

54.13 Pediatric Sleep Disorders

SLEEP EVALUATION METHODS

NEUROCOGNITIVE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DISRUPTION

SLEEP DISORDERS IN CHILDREN

54.14 Internet Gaming Disorder in Youth

PREVALENCE

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA: GAMING DISORDER (ICD-11) AND INTERNET GAMING DISORDER (DSM-5 CONDITION FOR FURTHER STUDY)

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF ONLINE VIDEO GAME PLAY IN YOUTH

BIOLOGIC CORRELATES OF INTERNET GAMING DISORDER

COMORBIDITY

TREATMENT OF INTERNET GAMING DISORDER

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

54.15 Social Media and Youth

BENEFITS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE FOR YOUTH

RISKS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE FOR YOUTH

RISKS OF INTENSIVE SOCIAL MEDIA USE IN YOUTH

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

RESOURCES FOR FAMILIES

54.16 Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, Intersex, and Asexual (LGBTQIA) Youth

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

SEX AND GENDER

YOUTH TRAUMA AND RESILIENCE

CLINICAL APPROACHES FOR LGBTQIA YOUTH AND THEIR FAMILIES

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

54.17 Racism and Discrimination’s Impact on the Health and Well-Being of Developing Children and Adolescents

DEFINING TERMINOLOGY

CONTEXTUALIZING RACE-BASED TRAUMATIC STRESS AS AN ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCE

EMERGING RESEARCH/NEUROBIOLOGY/NEUROPLASTICITY

STRESS, CORTISOL LEVELS, HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS

IMPACT OF RACISM AND DISCRIMINATION ON DEVELOPMENT

RACISM IN SYSTEMS OF CARE

RACIAL INEQUITIES IN MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES

THE ROLE OF THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIST

54.18 Forensic Evaluations of Child and Adolescent Migrants

MENTAL HEALTH PREVALENCE IN ASYLUM-SEEKING POPULATIONS

OVERVIEW OF THE EVALUATION PROCESS

GENERAL TIPS FOR WRITING AN EFFECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL AFFIDAVIT FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS

CONCLUSION

55 Geriatric Psychiatry

55.1 Overview

55.1a Introduction to Geriatric Psychiatry

WHAT IS NORMAL AGING?

DEMOGRAPHICS OF OLDER PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESSES

GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY AS A SUBSPECIALTY

COMMON MENTAL ILLNESSES IN OLDER PEOPLE

POSITIVE SIDE OF AGING

SUCCESSFUL COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL AGING

IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE PROGRESS

55.2 Assessment

55.2a Psychiatric Assessment of the Older Patient

HISTORY TAKING

MEDICAL EXAMINATION

DAILY FUNCTIONING

NEUROLOGIC EVALUATION

RATING SCALES

BIOMARKERS FOR A DEMENTIA DIAGNOSIS

COMPETENCE

SYNDROMES SPECIFIC TO GERIATRIC PATIENTS

SUMMARY

55.2b Complementary and Integrative Geriatric Psychiatry

THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COMPLEMENTARY AND INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE USE

PERSPECTIVES ON THE DIGITIZATION OF SUITABLE THERAPIES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

CONCLUSION

55.2c The Aging Brain

CONCEPTS AND CHALLENGES IN STUDYING BRAIN AGING

MECHANISMS IMPLICATED IN BRAIN AGING

STRUCTURAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN AGING

LESIONS IN THE AGING BRAIN

NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES IN AGING

CHANGES IN COGNITIVE AND MOTOR ABILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING

AGE-ASSOCIATED BRAIN DISEASES

BRAIN AGING IN THE OLDEST-OLD AND CENTENARIANS

PROSPECTS FOR HEALTHY BRAIN AGING

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

55.2d Psychological Changes With Normal Aging

DESIGN AND SAMPLING ISSUES

MENTAL HEALTH AND PERSONALITY

ADJUSTMENT AND COPING IN OLDER ADULTS

SOCIAL FUNCTIONING IN LATE LIFE

COGNITIVE AGING

SUCCESSFUL AGING

IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE

55.2e Neuropsychological Evaluation

WHAT IS A NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST?

WHAT IS A NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION?

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

COMMON USES OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS

ASSESSMENT DOMAINS AND COMMONLY USED MEASURES

OTHER ASPECTS OF COMPREHENSIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION

ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF OLDER ADULTS

55.2f Genetics of Late-Life Neurodegenerative Disorders

GENETIC METHODS AND PRINCIPLES

MAJOR OR MILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER DUE TO ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

MAJOR OR MILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER DUE TO PARKINSON DISEASE

MAJOR OR MILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER WITH LEWY BODIES (DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES)

MAJOR OR MILD FRONTOTEMPORAL NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER (PICK DISEASE AND OTHER FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIAS)

MAJOR OR MILD VASCULAR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER (VASCULAR DEMENTIA)

MAJOR OR MILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER DUE TO PRION DISEASE (CREUTZFELDT–JAKOB DISEASE AND OTHER TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES)

FUTURE CLINICAL DIRECTIONS

FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

55.3 Psychiatric Disorders of Late Life

55.3a Assessment of Functioning

WHAT IS EVERYDAY FUNCTIONING?

DOMAINS OF EVERYDAY FUNCTIONING ASSESSMENT

FACTORS INFLUENCING EVERYDAY FUNCTIONING

ASSESSMENT OF EVERYDAY FUNCTIONING

CLINICAL POPULATIONS AND EVERYDAY FUNCTIONING

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

55.3b Psychiatric Problems in the Medically Ill Geriatric Patient

APPROACH TO THE PATIENT

PSYCHIATRIC SYNDROMES IN MEDICALLY ILL PATIENTS

PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC MEDICAL DISORDERS

SPECIAL ISSUES IN THE CARE OF OLDER ADULT PATIENTS

A HEALTH SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE CARE OF THE MEDICALLY ILL GERIATRIC PATIENT

55.3c Sleep Disorders in Older Adults

SLEEP AND AGING

CONSEQUENCES OF POOR SLEEP IN OLDER ADULTS

SLEEP–WAKE DISORDERS IN OLDER ADULTS

INSOMNIA DISORDER

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP–WAKE DISORDERS

OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA–HYPOPNEA

RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME/PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENTS IN SLEEP

RAPID EYE MOVEMENT SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER

SLEEP IN NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS

SLEEP IN NURSING HOMES

CONCLUSION

55.3d Anxiety Disorders in Older Adults

DEFINITION, HISTORY, AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

55.3e Geriatric Mood Disorders

EPIDEMIOLOGY

SUBTYPES OF LATE-LIFE DEPRESSION

SUICIDE RISK

BIOLOGIC DYSFUNCTION

COURSE AND OUTCOME

EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF GERIATRIC DEPRESSION AND BIPOLAR DISORDER

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

55.3f Alzheimer Disease and Other Neurocognitive Disorders

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

CLINICAL EVALUATION

IMAGING AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

TREATMENT

SUMMARY

55.3g Delirium

DEFINITION

HISTORY

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ETIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

PREVENTION

TREATMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND COVID CONSIDERATIONS

55.3h Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

HISTORY AND COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

EPIDEMIOLOGY

EARLY-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA

LATE-ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS IN LATER LIFE

55.3i Personality Disorders

DEFINITIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

DIAGNOSIS

CLINICAL FEATURES AND COURSE

TREATMENT

55.3j Alcohol and Substance Abuse in Older Adults

HISTORY

DSM-5 TERMINOLOGY

ALCOHOL

TOBACCO

TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL

BENZODIAZEPINES

OPIOID ANALGESICS

ILLICIT DRUGS

NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

55.4 Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders

55.4a Geriatric Psychopharmacology: General Principles

PHARMACOKINETIC CONSIDERATIONS

PHARMACODYNAMICS

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

55.4b Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

GOALS AND RATIONALE FOR THE PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION IN LATER LIFE

PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION

SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS

DUAL-ACTING ANTIDEPRESSANTS

BUPROPION

TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS

MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS

STIMULANTS

TREATMENT OF PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION IN LATER LIFE

TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION ASSOCIATED WITH MEDICAL ILLNESS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

ESSENTIALS OF PATIENT MANAGEMENT

55.4c Antianxiety Drugs

ANTIDEPRESSANTS

BENZODIAZEPINES

BUSPIRONE

OTHER DRUGS

55.4d Antipsychotic Drugs

PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS

THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS FOR ANTIPSYCHOTICS

TREATMENT PRINCIPLES

PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS

55.4e Antidementia Drugs

REGULATORY AND METHODOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS

PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC BEHAVIORS OR BEHAVIORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS OF DEMENTIA

DRUGS TO TREAT DEMENTIA

INDIVIDUAL CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS: CLINICAL STUDIES, DOSING, AND ADVERSE EFFECTS

MEMANTINE: CLINICAL STUDIES, DOSING, AND ADVERSE EFFECTS

OTHER MEDICATIONS AND APPROACHES TO ALZHEIMER DISEASE AND COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT

UNPROVEN AND UNSAFE MEDICATIONS TO SLOW CLINICAL PROGRESSION OR DELAY ONSET OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE

ADJUNCTIVE AND COMBINATION THERAPY

TREATMENT OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

TREATMENT OF VASCULAR DEMENTIA

TREATMENT OF PARKINSON DISEASE DEMENTIA

β-Amyloid–Based Interventions

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

55.4f Electroconvulsive Therapy and Neurostimulation Treatments

BRIEF HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

PRECLINICAL STUDIES

CLINICAL INDICATIONS

PRE-ECT EVALUATION

NEUROCOGNITIVE ASSESSMENT

CONSENT

ECT PROCEDURES

ACUTE CLINICAL SAFETY AND EFFICACY

CONTINUATION AND MAINTENANCE ECT SAFETY AND EFFICACY

ECT ADVERSE EFFECTS

OTHER NEUROSTIMULATION THERAPIES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

55.4g Psychosocial Factors in Psychotherapy of the Older Adults

RELATIONSHIPS

ROLE CHANGES

SOCIETAL ATTITUDES AND RESPONSES

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

ETHNOCULTURAL ISSUES

SPIRITUAL ISSUES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

55.4h Individual Psychotherapy

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

GENERAL TECHNIQUES

SUPPORTIVE PSYCHOTHERAPY

INTERPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY

LIFE REVIEW OR REMINISCENCE THERAPY

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

PROBLEM-SOLVING THERAPY

BRIEF (TIME-LIMITED) PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY

INSIGHT-ORIENTED PSYCHOTHERAPY

MULTICOMPONENT PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS FOR FAMILY CGs

OTHER THERAPIES

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

55.4i Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

DEFINITION

ADAPTING CBT FOR OLDER CLIENTS

TECHNIQUES

CLINICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

55.4j Family Intervention and Therapy with Older Adults

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

TECHNIQUES

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

55.4k Group Therapy

HISTORY

THEORETICAL ISSUES

TECHNICAL INTERVENTIONS AND GROUP APPROACHES

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

55.4l Counseling and Support Needs of Dementia Caregivers

INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION OF CAREGIVING

HISTORY AND THEORETICAL ISSUES

TECHNIQUES FOR PREVENTING AND MANAGING CAREGIVER DISTRESS

CLINICAL ISSUES

ETHICAL ISSUES

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION

55.5 Financial Issues in the Delivery of Geriatric Psychiatric Care

DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND THE COST OF HEALTH CARE FOR OLDER ADULTS

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

MEDICARE SYSTEM

MEDICAID SYSTEM

OUT-OF-POCKET COSTS

PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT AND MENTAL HEALTH PARITY

ACCOUNTABLE CARE ORGANIZATIONS AND VALUE-BASED OUTCOMES

CURRENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

55.6 Special Areas of Interest

55.6a Psychiatric Aspects of Long-Term Care

APPROACH TO EVALUATING AND MANAGING PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS AND DISORDERS

DELIRIUM AND PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF COMORBID MEDICAL CONDITIONS

SPECIFIC DISORDERS AND LONG-TERM CARE

PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF PALLIATIVE CARE

55.6b Forensic Aspects

CRIMINAL ASPECTS OF FORENSIC GEROPSYCHIATRY

CIVIL ASPECTS OF FORENSIC GEROPSYCHIATRY

GENERAL CONCEPTS IN CIVIL FORENSIC GEROPSYCHIATRY

ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS OF FORENSIC GEROPSYCHIATRY

CORRECTIONAL ASPECTS OF FORENSIC GEROPSYCHIATRY

NOSOLOGIC/THEORETICAL ISSUES

55.6c Ethical Issues

THE FOCUSING EFFECT OF A FRAMEWORK

GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF THE CORE PRINCIPLES TO GERIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH CARE

OPERATIONALIZING RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY: DECISION-MAKING CAPACITY AND THE DOCTRINE OF INFORMED CONSENT

55.6d Gender Issues

IMPACT OF GENDER ON PSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS

TREATMENT ISSUES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

55.6e The Legal and Ethical Analysis of Older Adult Abuse

DEFINITIONS

NOSOLOGY

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OLDER ADULT VULNERABILITY

MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS

THE RED FLAGS AND INDICATORS OF OLDER ADULT ABUSE

SENIORS AND THE COURT SYSTEM

ESTABLISHING A “THEFT” IN OLDER ADULT FINANCIAL ABUSE

EXCUSES AND JUSTIFICATIONS IN OLDER ADULT ABUSE

ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF SUSPECTED OLDER ADULT ABUSE

CORONAVIRUS 19 (COVID-19) AND OLDER ADULT ABUSE

CONCLUSION

CASES

55.6f Geriatric Psychiatry: Sexuality and Aging

NEUROBIOLOGY OF SEXUAL FUNCTION

AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN SEXUAL FUNCTION AND BEHAVIOR

GENDER AND SEXUAL MINORITIES IN LATER LIFE

HOW TO OBTAIN A SEXUAL HISTORY

HOW TO ASSESS SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS IN OLDER PATIENTS

THE TREATMENT OF SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN LONG-TERM CARE

CASE EXAMPLE

55.6g HIV and Aging

EPIDEMIOLOGY

PREVENTION

NEUROCOGNITIVE OUTCOMES OF HIV AND AGING

MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES OF HIV AND AGING

COMORBIDITY AND MULTIMORBIDITY

IMPACT ON EVERYDAY FUNCTIONING

THE SPECIAL CASE OF THE VETERAN POPULATION

TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

55.6h Technology for Seniors

COMPARATIVE NOSOLOGY

SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

BARRIERS AND LIMITATIONS

55.6i Positive Psychiatry of Aging

DEFINING POSITIVE PSYCHIATRY

HISTORY

POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES

POSITIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS

POSITIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

BIOLOGY OF POSITIVE PSYCHIATRY

INTERVENTIONS

56 Public Psychiatry

56.1 Public and Community Psychiatry

WHAT IS COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY?

THE ROOTS OF COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY

ORGANIZED SYSTEMS OF CARE

THE RECIPIENTS OF COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRIC CARE

THE ROLE OF THE PSYCHIATRIST IN COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY

THE INPATIENT TO OUTPATIENT AND COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY CONTINUUM

STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION–AN OPPORTUNITY FOR COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY

COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY AND THE PUBLIC SECTOR

BARRIERS TO ACCESS

COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY AND RECOVERY

ATTITUDES TOWARD COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY

COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHIATRIC TRAINING

TELEPSYCHIATRY IN THE COMMUNITY

ASSETS AND ADVANTAGES OF ONGOING PROGRAMS

THE LARGER PICTURE

56.2 Reforming Health Care

HEALTH CARE REFORM IN THE 20TH CENTURY: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

HEALTH CARE REFORM IN THE 21ST CENTURY

THE IMPACT OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT (ACA) AND THE TRIPLE AIM DEFINITION—APPLICATIONS TO MENTAL HEALTH

IMPROVING MODELS IN HEALTH CARE: THE ACA A DECADE LATER

HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (HIT) AND ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS (EHR)

56.3 The Role of the Hospital in the Care of Persons with Mental Illness

THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF THE HOSPITAL

DEFINING THE ROLE OF THE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL

FULFILLING THE ROLE

SPECIAL POPULATIONS

OTHER HOSPITAL ROLES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

56.4 Mental Health Services Research

THE SCOPE OF MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH

OVERVIEW

56.5 The Psychiatric Hospitalist

THE DEFINITION OF HOSPITALIST PHYSICIANS

ROLES OF THE HOSPITALIST

THE PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALIST

HISTORY OF THE MODERN HOSPITALIST MOVEMENT

THE STAGES OF HOSPITAL CARE

BENEFITS FROM THE USE OF HOSPITALISTS

HOSPITALISTS AS CLINICIAN-EDUCATORS

DISADVANTAGES AND OBJECTIONS TO THE HOSPITALIST MODEL

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

SPECIALTY TRAINING AS A HOSPITALIST

FINANCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES

HOSPITAL MEDICINE AS A NEW SPECIALTY

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

56.6 Psychiatric Rehabilitation

PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION IN THE MEDICAL SETTING

UNIFYING CONCEPTS OF PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION AND TREATMENT

PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION AND INCORPORATION OF PERSON-CENTERED RECOVERY MODELS

DEFINING RECOVERY

EMPIRICALLY BASED MODELS OF PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION

ACCESSIBILITY TO EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENT AND SERVICES

REHABILITATION IN THE PRODROMAL, ACUTE, AND STABLE PHASES OF SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESS

ASSESSMENT IN PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION

SPECIFIC APPROACHES

COMORBID SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS

TOWARD MORE INTEGRATIVE MODELS OF CARE

56.7 A Sociocultural Framework for Mental Health and Substance Abuse Service Inequities

THE SOCIOCULTURAL FRAMEWORK: A COMPLEX, POPULATION HEALTH SYSTEMS APPROACH

HEALTH CARE SYSTEM DOMAINS

THE COMMUNITY SYSTEM

WHEN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY SYSTEMS MEET: MECHANISMS PRODUCING INEQUITIES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS: RESEARCH AND INTERVENTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

56.8 Criminalization of Persons With Serious Mental Illness

MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM

DEFINING CRIMINALIZATION

CAUSES OF CRIMINALIZATION

MENTAL ILLNESS AND VIOLENCE

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS WITH SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS WHO ARE INCARCERATED

MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AFTER ARREST

OUTPATIENT TREATMENT TO REVERSE OR PREVENT CRIMINALIZATION

57 Psychiatric Education

57.1 Graduate Psychiatric Education

HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC EDUCATION

PSYCHIATRIC EDUCATION TODAY

RELATION TO CHANGES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION

57.2 Examining Professional Patients

PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY AS A MODEL OF PROFESSIONAL LEARNING, GROWTH, AND MATURATION

PROFESSIONAL CRISES IN LATER YEARS

TREATMENT: UNFOLDING INTO THE SYSTEM, REPEATING THE STORIES OF THEIR LIVES

58 Ethics and Forensic Psychiatry

58.1 Clinical-Legal Issues in Psychiatry

THE DOCTOR–PATIENT RELATIONSHIP

MEDICAL DECISION-MAKING AND COMPETENCE

INVOLUNTARY HOSPITALIZATION AND TREATMENT

CONFIDENTIALITY AND PRIVILEGE

PSYCHIATRIC MALPRACTICE

THE PSYCHIATRIST AS AN EXPERT

CHILDREN AND THE LAW

58.2 Ethics in Psychiatry

ETHICAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

BASIC ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

APPROACHING ETHICAL DILEMMAS

DECISION-MAKING STRATEGIES

EXAMPLES OF ETHICAL PRACTICE STANDARDS IN PSYCHIATRY

ETHICS AS FUNDAMENTAL TO MEDICAL PROFESSIONALISM

58.3 Correctional Psychiatry

PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES

HISTORY OF CORRECTIONAL PSYCHIATRY IN THE UNITED STATES

PERSISTING CHALLENGES IN CORRECTIONAL PSYCHIATRY

THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE PRACTICE OF CORRECTIONAL PSYCHIATRY

PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT IN JAILS AND PRISONS

THE FUTURE OF CORRECTIONAL PSYCHIATRY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

59 History of Psychiatry

EARLY BEGINNINGS

THE FIRST BIOLOGIC PSYCHIATRY

PSYCHOTHERAPY, SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY

FROM ASYLUM TO UNIVERSITY

DIAGNOSIS

NEW TECHNIQUES

THE BEGINNING OF THE SECOND BIOLOGIC PSYCHIATRY

PEDIATRIC PSYCHIATRY

NEW FORMS OF CARE

60 World Aspects of Psychiatry

PREVALENCE AND BURDEN OF MENTAL DISORDERS WORLDWIDE

TREATMENT GAP AND PROJECTED POPULATION-LEVEL TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS WORLDWIDE

RESOURCES FOR MENTAL HEALTH CARE WORLDWIDE

PRINCIPLES FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT WORLDWIDE

BARRIERS TO CHANGE

STIGMATIZING ATTITUDES TOWARD PEOPLE WITH MENTAL DISORDERS

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MENTAL AND PHYSICAL DISEASES

ETHICAL ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ACTIVE IN THE MENTAL HEALTH FIELD

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Appendix A : History of Psychiatry Table

Appendix B : Glossary of Psychiatry and Psychology Terms

Appendix C : Comparative Diagnoses

Index

 

An aparitie	8 mai 2024
Autor	Robert Boland, Marcia Verduin
Dimensiuni	213 x 276 mm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781975175733
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	5500