Gabbe’s Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies

Description:

Highly readable, well-illustrated, and easy to understand, Gabbe’s Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies is an ideal day-to-day reference or study tool for residents and clinicians. This 8th Edition of this bestselling text offers fast access to evidence-based, comprehensive information, now fully revised with substantial content updates, new and improved illustrations, and a new, international editorial team that continues the tradition of excellence established by Dr. Steven Gabbe.

Puts the latest knowledge in this complex specialty at your fingertips, allowing you to quickly access the information you need to treat patients, participate knowledgably on rounds, and perform well on exams.

Contains at-a-glance features such as key points boxes, bolded text, chapter summaries and conclusions, key abbreviations boxes, and quick-reference tables, management and treatment algorithms, and bulleted lists throughout.

Features detailed illustrations from cover to cover—many new and improved—including more than 100 ultrasound images that provide an important resource for normal and abnormal fetal anatomy.

Covers key topics such as prevention of maternal mortality, diabetes in pregnancy, obesity in pregnancy, vaginal birth after cesarean section, and antepartum fetal evaluation.

Provides access to 11 videos that enhance learning in areas such as cesarean delivery and operative vaginal delivery.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Section I Physiology

1 Placental Anatomy and Physiology

Abstract

Placental Anatomy

Placental Histology

Placental Physiology

Summary

Key Points

References

2 Fetal Development, Physiology, and Effects on Long-Term Health

Abstract

Fetal Metabolism and Growth

Fetal Cardiovascular System

Amniotic Fluid Volume

Fetal Kidney

Fetal Gastrointestinal System

Fetal Adrenal and Thyroid Glands

Fetal Central Nervous System

Fetal Programming of Adult Health and Disease

Organ-Specific Programming

Mechanisms of Programmed Obesity: Appetite and Adiposity

Maternal Stress, Anxiety, and Programming

Glucocorticoids, Prematurity, and Programming

Summary

Key Points

References

3 Maternal Physiology

Abstract

Gestational Weight Gain

Cardiovascular System

Hematologic Changes

Respiratory System

Urinary System

Body Water Metabolism

Alimentary Tract

Endocrine Changes

Pancreas and Fuel Metabolism

Skeleton

Skin

Central Nervous System

Eyes

Breasts

Lower Reproductive Tract

Microbiome

Summary

Key Points

References

Bibliography

4 Maternal-Fetal Immunology

Abstract

Immune System Overview: Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Innate Immunity: First Line of Host Defense

Adaptive Immunity

T Cells

Fetal Immune System

Maternal Tolerance of the Fetus

Immune Response to Perinatal Infections

Solid Organ Transplantation in Pregnancy

Amelioration of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Pregnancy

Summary

Key Points

References

Bibliography

Section II Prenatal Care

5 Preconception and Prenatal Care

Abstract

Prenatal Care: Changing the Paradigm to Include the Life-Course Perspective

Preconception Health Counseling

Prenatal Care

Postpartum Care

Coming Full Circle: Components of Interconception Care and Well-Woman Visits

Key Points

References

Bibliography

6 Nutrition During Pregnancy

Abstract

Introduction

Integrating Nutrition Into the Obstetric History

Maternal Weight Gain Recommendations

Maternal Weight Gain Recommendations for Special Populations

Maternal Nutrient Needs: Current Recommendations

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation Guidelines

Nutrition-Related Problems During Pregnancy

Special Nutritional Considerations During Pregnancy

Key Points

References

7 Drugs and Environmental Agents in Pregnancy and Lactation

Overview

Basic Principles of Teratology

Epidemiologic Studies Evaluating the Fetal Risk of Drugs and Environmental Agents

Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Across the Placenta and Breast Tissues

Prescription Drugs, Over-the-Counter Products, and Herbal Supplements

Drugs of Abuse

Drugs in Breast Milk

Occupational and Environmental Hazards

Obstetrician's Role in Patient Assessment and Education

Key Points

References

Bibliography

8 Substance Use Disorder in Pregnancy

Abstract

Epidemiology and Scope of the Problem

Addiction and the Chronic Disease Model

Neurobiology of Addiction

Screening, Brief Intervention, Referral to Treatment: SBIRT

Management of Pregnancies Affected by Substance Use Disorder

Key Points

References

9 Obstetric Ultrasound

Abstract

Overview

Biophysics of Ultrasound

What Makes a Good Ultrasound Study?

Special Ultrasound Modalities

First-Trimester Ultrasound

Second- and Third-Trimester Ultrasound

Components of the Examination

Ultrasound Biometry

Safety of Ultrasound

Ultrasound Diagnosis of Malformations

Fetal MRI to Supplement Ultrasound

Clinical Value of Prenatal Diagnosis of Birth Defects

Key Points

References

10 Genetic Screening and Diagnosis

Abstract

Genetic History

Genetic Counseling

Chromosome Abnormalities

Single-Gene or Mendelian Disorders

Multifactorial and Polygenic Disorders

Indications for Prenatal Genetic Testing

Procedures for Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis

Preimplantation Genetic Testing

Intact Fetal Cells

Key Points

References

Section III Intrapartum Care

11 Normal Labor and Delivery

Abstract

Overview

Labor: Definition and Physiology

Mechanics of Labor

Cardinal Movements in Labor

Normal Progress of Labor

Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery

Third Stage of Labor

Episiotomy and Perineal Injury Repair

Ultrasound in Labor and Delivery

Key Points

References

12 Induction of Labor

Abstract

Induction of Labor: Definition/Epidemiology

Indications/Contraindications

Prediction of Labor Induction Success/Failure

Cervical Ripening and Induction Methods

Alternative Induction Methods

Failed Induction of Labor

Other

Key Points

References

13 Operative Vaginal Delivery

Abstract

Operative Vaginal Delivery

Operative Vaginal Delivery Instruments

Operative Vaginal Delivery Techniques

Benefits and Risks of Operative Vaginal Delivery

Counseling

Simulation Training for Operative Vaginal Delivery

Key Points

References

14 Shoulder Dystocia

Abstract

Defining Shoulder Dystocia

Risk Factors and Associations

Prophylactic Cesarean Delivery

Maternal and Neonatal Complications of Shoulder Dystocia

Shoulder Dystocia Management

Simulation Training for Shoulder Dystocia

Mechanisms of Fetal Injury

Key Points

References

15 Intrapartum Fetal Evaluation

Abstract

Background

Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring

Electronic Fetal Monitoring Technology

Nomenclature

Uterine Activity

Other Nomenclature

Intermittent Monitoring

Electronic Fetal Monitoring Patterns Associated With Acidemia and Clinical Outcomes

Newer Considerations

Periodic Change

Clinical Factors Affecting Electronic Fetal Monitoring Patterns and Interpretation

Additional Technologies

Diagnosis and Interventions

Trial of Labor After Cesarean Considerations

Consideration for Fetal Abnormalities

Umbilical Cord Gas Analysis

Considerations for Electronic Fetal Monitoring: Review

Minimizing Errors

Summary

Key Points

References

16 Obstetric Anesthesia

Abstract

Personnel

Pain Pathways

Effects of Pain and Stress

Analgesia for Labor

Anesthesia for Instrumented Vaginal Delivery or Perineal Repair

Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery

Key Points

References

17 Malpresentations and Malposition

Abstract

Clinical Circumstances Associated With Malpresentation

Abnormal Axial Lie

Management of a Singleton Gestation

Deflection Attitudes

Face Presentation

Brow Presentation

Compound Presentation

Breech Presentation

Term Breech Trial

Abnormalities of Position; Occiput Posterior and Occiput Transverse

Key Points

References

18 Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage

Abstract

Pregnancy-Related Hemodynamic Changes

Maternal Adaptation to Hemorrhage

Classification of Hemorrhage

Antepartum Hemorrhage

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Key Points

References

19 Cesarean Delivery

Abstract

Definitions

History of Cesarean Delivery

Incidence

Indications for Cesarean Delivery

Technique of Cesarean Delivery

Immediate Postcesarean Care

Complications of Cesarean Delivery

Tubal Sterilization

Key Points

References

20 Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery

Abstract

Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery

Risks Associated With a Trial of Labor After Cesarean

Key Points

References

21 Placenta Accreta Spectrum

Abstract

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Management

Summary

Key Points

References

22 Patient Safety and Quality Measurement in Obstetric Care

Abstract

Patient Safety

Frequency of Preventable Obstetric Adverse Events

Factors That Contribute to Preventable Adverse Events

Approaches to Improve Obstetric Safety

Measurement of Obstetric Quality of Care

Key Points

References

Section IV Postpartum Care

23 The Neonate

Abstract

Cardiopulmonary Transition

Abnormalities of Cardiopulmonary Transition

Birth Injuries

Neonatal Thermal Regulation

Clinical Applications

Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology

Neonatal Hematology

Perinatal Infection

Respiratory Distress

Neonatal Neurology

Classification of Newborns by Growth and Gestational Age

Nursery Care

Outcome of Neonatal Intensive Care and Threshold of Viability

Late Preterm Infant

Key Points

References

Bibliography

24 Postpartum Care and Long-Term Health Considerations

Abstract

Overview

Postpartum Involution

Health Maintenance

Pregnancy Prevention and Birth Control

Postpartum Psychologic Reactions

Managing Perinatal Grieving

Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Key Points

References

Bibliography

25 Lactation and Breastfeeding

Abstract

Epidemiology

Breast Anatomy and Development

Physiology of Lactation

Breast Milk: the Gold Standard

Breastfeeding: Better Maternal and Child Outcomes

Role of the Obstetrician and Gynecologist

Focused Issues in the Successful Management of Breastfeeding

Anatomic Abnormalities of the Breast

Labor and Delivery Management

Maternal Nutrition and Exercise During Lactation

Breast and Nipple Pain

Mastitis and Breast Abscess

Milk Transfer and Infant Growth

Galactogogues: Drugs to Improve Milk Production

Maternal Disease

Breast Masses During Lactation

Back-to-Work Issues

Conclusions

Key Points

References

26 Pregnancy as a Window to Future Maternal and Child Health

Abstract

Pregnancy as a Stress Test

Pregnancy-Related Conditions Associated With Later Chronic Disease

Management in the Postpartum Period and Beyond

Summary

Key Points

References

Section V Complicated Pregnancy

27 Antepartum Fetal Evaluation

Abstract

Defining the Problem of Perinatal Mortality

Select Antenatal Conditions That May Contribute to Increased Risk of Fetal Death

Potential Utility of Antepartum Fetal Testing

What Do These Tests Tell US About the Fetus?

Biophysical Techniques of Fetal Evaluation

Clinical Application of Tests of Fetal Well-Being

Assessment of Fetal Pulmonary Maturation

Summary

Key Points

References

Bibliography

28 Amniotic Fluid Disorders

Abstract

Amniotic Fluid Volume

Amniotic Fluid Formation

Amniotic Fluid Removal

Oligohydramnios

Polyhydramnios

Key Points

References

Bibliography

29 Late- and Postterm Pregnancy

Abstract

Definition

Incidence

Etiology

Diagnosis

Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality

Maternal Complications

Management

Long-Term Neonatal Outcomes

Multiple Gestation

Key Points

References

30 Fetal Growth Restriction

Abstract

Regulation of Fetal Growth

Definition and Patterns of Fetal Growth Restriction

Etiologies of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Maternal and Fetal Manifestations of Fetal Growth Restriction

Diagnostic Tools in Fetal Growth Restriction

Screening and Prevention of Fetal Growth Restriction

Management in Clinical Practice

Assessment of Fetal Well-Being

Timing of Delivery

Delivery

Outcome

Key Points

References

Bibliography

31 Surgery During Pregnancy

Abstract

Maternal Physiology

Diagnostic Imaging

Anesthesia During Nonobstetric Surgery

Nonobstetric Surgery and Pregnancy Outcome

Fetal Monitoring

Laparoscopy in Pregnancy

Adnexal Masses in Pregnancy

Obesity, Bariatric Surgery, and Pregnancy

Cardiac Surgery in Pregnancy

Neurosurgery in Pregnancy

Key Points

References

32 Trauma and Related Surgery in Pregnancy

Abstract

Incidence of Trauma in Pregnancy

Anatomic and Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy

Blunt Trauma

Specific Injuries

Pathophysiology of Fetal Loss Resulting From Maternal Trauma

Predictors of Fetal Mortality

Management Considerations

Diagnostic Imaging

Exploratory Surgery for Traumatic Injuries During Pregnancy

Other Considerations

Key Points

References

33 Pregnancy Loss

Abstract

Frequency and Timing of Pregnancy Loss

Placental Anatomic Characteristics of Successful and Unsuccessful Pregnancies

Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities

Chromosomal Rearrangements

Mendelian and Polygenic/Multifactorial Etiology

Luteal Phase Defects

Thyroid Function Abnormalities

Diabetes Mellitus

Intrauterine Adhesions (Synechiae)

Müllerian Fusion Defects

Leiomyomas

Infections

Thrombophilias

Other Causes of Early Pregnancy Losses

Management of Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss

Late Pregnancy Loss

Obstetric Outcome After Early Pregnancy Complications

Key Points

References

34 Stillbirth

Risk Factors

Classification of Stillbirth

Etiology

Intrapartum Stillbirth

Evaluation of Stillbirth

Delivery of the Stillbirth

Bereavement and Psychosocial Issues

Management of Subsequent Pregnancy

Prevention

Key Points

References

35 Cervical Insufficiency

Abstract

Cervical Insufficiency: a Distinct Entity or Evidence of Preterm Parturition?

Short Cervix

Risk Factors for Cervical Insufficiency

Tests for Cervical Insufficiency

Clinical Diagnosis of Cervical Insufficiency

Sonographic Diagnosis of Cervical Insufficiency

Diagnosis of Cervical Insufficiency on Physical Examination

Treatment: Vaginal Cerclage

Cerclage Effectiveness Based on Evidence

Alternative Treatments to Cervical Cerclage

Comparative Trials of Treatment of Cervical Insufficiency

The Case for Multiple Therapies for Cervical Insufficiency

Summary

Key Points

References

Bibliography

36 Preterm Labor and Birth

Abstract

Definitions

Frequency of Preterm and Low-Birthweight Delivery

Perinatal Mortality

Epidemiology of Preterm Birth

Clinical Risk Factors for Spontaneous Preterm Birth

Pathophysiology of Spontaneous Preterm Birth

Clinical Care for Women in Preterm Labor

Diagnosis of Preterm Labor

Treatment for Women in Preterm Labor

Conduct of Labor and Delivery for the Preterm Infant

Prevention of Preterm Birth

Summary

Key Points

References

Bibliography

37 Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Abstract

Fetal Membrane Anatomy and Physiology

Etiology of Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Prediction and Prevention of Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Clinical Course After Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Risks of Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Diagnosis of Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Management of Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Special Circumstances Impacting the Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes

Summary

Key Points

References

38 Preeclampsia and Hypertensive Disorders

Definitions

Preeclampsia

Eclampsia

Chronic Hypertension

Hypertensive Emergencies in Chronic Hypertension

Key Points

References

Bibliography

39 Multiple Gestations

Abstract

Zygosity and Chorionicity

Distribution and Causes of Dizygotic Versus Monozygotic Twinning

Diagnosis of Multiple Gestations

Maternal and Fetal Risks of Multiple Gestation

Issues and Complications Unique to Multiple Gestations

Selective Intrauterine Growth Restriction in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies

Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence

Monoamniotic Twins

Triplet Pregnancy: Impact of Chorionicity

Effect of Obstetric History of Risk of Twin Spontaneous Preterm Birth

Antepartum Management of Multifetal Pregnancy

Timing of Delivery in Multiple Gestations

Mode of Delivery in Multiple Gestations

Intrapartum Management of Twin Vaginal Delivery

Conclusions

Key Points

References

40 Red Cell Alloimmunization

Abstract

Historic Perspectives

Incidence

Pathophysiology

Rhesus Alloimmunization and Fetal/Neonatal Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

Prevention of RhD Hemolytic Disease in the Fetus and Newborn

Clinical Management

Intrauterine Transfusion

Other Treatment Modalities

Future Therapeutic Options

Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn Due to Non-RhD Antibodies

Key Points

References

41 Maternal Mortality

Abstract

Maternal Health and the Burden of Death and Disability

Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health

Improving Maternal and Reproductive Health for All WOMEN in Future

Life-Threatening Obstetric Complications

Key Points

References

Section VI Pregnancy and Coexisting Disease

42 Heart Disease in Pregnancy

Maternal Hemodynamics

Blood Volume

Diagnosis and Evaluation of Heart Disease

General Care

Risk Scoring Strategies

Valvular Disease

Congenital Heart Disease

Summary

Cardiomyopathy

Myocardial Infarction

Marfan Syndrome

Pulmonary Hypertension

Other Conditions

Critical Care: Hemodynamic Monitoring and Management

Key Points

References

Bibliography

43 Respiratory Disease in Pregnancy

Abstract

Pneumonia in Pregnancy

Bacterial Pneumonia

Viral Pneumonias

Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia

Tuberculosis in Pregnancy

Asthma in Pregnancy

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Restrictive Lung Disease

Cystic Fibrosis

Key Points

References

44 Renal Disease in Pregnancy

Abstract

Renal System in Normal Pregnancy

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Acute Urinary Tract Infection

Pyelonephritis

Kidney Stones

Acute Kidney Injury

Proteinuria

Chronic Kidney Disease

Key Points

References

45 Diabetes Mellitus Complicating Pregnancy

Abstract

Pathophysiology

Diabetes Mellitus

Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality

Maternal Classification and Risk Assessment

Early Screening for Overt Diabetes and Detection of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Treatment of the Patient With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Antepartum Fetal Evaluation

Timing and Mode of Delivery

Glucoregulation During Labor and Delivery

Management of the Woman With Gestational Diabetes

Postpartum Follow-Up of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Prepregnancy Counseling of Women With Preexisting Diabetes Mellitus

Contraception

Key Points

References

Bibliography

46 Obesity in Pregnancy

Abstract

Defining Obesity

Epidemiology

Prenatal Care

Management of the Obese Gravida

Intrapartum Management

Postpartum Management

Interpregnancy Care

Key Points

References

47 Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases in Pregnancy

Abstract

Parathyroid Diseases

Thyroid Diseases

Key Points

References

Bibliography

48 Pituitary and Adrenal Disorders in Pregnancy

Abstract

Anterior Pituitary

Posterior Pituitary

Adrenals

Key Points

References

49 Hematologic Complications of Pregnancy

Abstract

Pregnancy-Associated Thrombocytopenia

Evaluation of Thrombocytopenia During Pregnancy and the Puerperium

Therapy of Thrombocytopenia During Pregnancy

Management of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Fetal/Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Megaloblastic Anemia

Hemoglobinopathies

von Willebrand Disease

Key Points

References

Bibliography

50 Thromboembolic Disorders in Pregnancy

Abstract

Background and Historic Notes

Diagnoses and Definitions

Epidemiology and Incidence

Genetics

Physiology of Hemostasis

Pathophysiology of Thrombosis in Pregnancy

Key Points

References

51 Collagen Vascular Diseases in Pregnancy

Abstract

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Systemic Sclerosis

Sjögren Syndrome

Key Points

References

52 Hepatic Disorders During Pregnancy

Abstract

Physiologic Effects of Pregnancy and Assessment of Liver Disease

Differential Diagnosis of Hepatobiliary Symptoms and Conditions During Pregnancy

Abdominal Imaging During Pregnancy

Therapeutic Endoscopy During Pregnancy

Liver Biopsy

Common Liver Diseases Incidental to Pregnancy

Liver Masses in Pregnancy

Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatic Metastases

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension

Acute Intermittent Porphyria

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Alcoholic Liver Disease

Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy

Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy

Cholestatic Liver Diseases

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Pregnancy After Liver Transplantation

Pancreatobiliary Disease

Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis

Choledocholithiasis

Acute Pancreatitis

Choledochal Cysts

Summary

Key Points

References

53 Gastrointestinal Diseases in Pregnancy

Abstract

Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy

Diagnostic Considerations During Pregnancy

Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders During Pregnancy

Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders During Pregnancy

Nutritional Support During Pregnancy

Differential Diagnosis of Nonobstetric Conditions for Common Gastrointestinal Complaints

Key Points

References

54 Neurologic Disorders in Pregnancy

Abstract

Epilepsy

Multiple Sclerosis

Headache

Stroke

Key Points

References

Bibliography

55 Malignant Diseases and Pregnancy

Abstract

Surgery and Anesthesia

Radiation Therapy

Chemotherapy During Pregnancy

Cancer During Pregnancy

Fetal-Placental Metastasis

Pregnancy Following Cancer Treatment

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease and Pregnancy-Related Issues

Key Points

References

56 Skin Disease and Pregnancy

Abstract

Physiologic Skin Changes Induced by Pregnancy

Preexisting Skin Diseases and Tumors Affected by Pregnancy

Pruritus in Pregnancy

Specific Dermatoses of Pregnancy

Key Points

References

57 Maternal and Perinatal Infection in Pregnancy

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Influenza

Parvovirus

Measles

Rubella

Cytomegalovirus Infection

Herpesvirus

Varicella

Hepatitis

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis E

Coxsackie Virus

Human Papillomavirus

Epstein-Barr Virus

Smallpox

Zika Virus

Ebola

Key Points

References

Bibliography

58 Maternal and Perinatal Infection in Pregnancy

Abstract

Bacterial Infections

Chlamydial Infection

Group B Streptococcal Infection

Urinary Tract Infections

Upper Genital Tract Infections

Other Important Infections

Key Points

References

59 Mental Health and Behavioral Disorders in Pregnancy

Abstract

Mood Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Eating Disorders

Schizophrenia

Key Points

References

Bibliography

Online Resources

Appendices

Appendix I Normal Values in Pregnancy and Ultrasound Measurements

Appendix II Anatomy of the Pelvis

Key Points

Suggested Readings

Appendix III Glossary of Key Abbreviations

Index

 

 

An aparitie	1 May 2020
Autor	Mark B Landon MD (Author), Henry L Galan MD (Author), Eric R. M. Jauniaux MD PhD FRCOG , Deborah A Driscoll MD Vincenzo Berghella MD
Dimensiuni	22.2 x 5.1 x 27.9 cm
Editura	Elsevier
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9780323608701
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	1280