Brant and Helms’ Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology

Description:

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Trusted by radiology residents, interns, and students for more than 20 years, Brant and Helms’ Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology, 5th Edition delivers essential information on current imaging modalities and the clinical application of today's technology. Comprehensive in scope, it covers all subspecialty areas including neuroradiology, chest, breast, abdominal, musculoskeletal imaging, ultrasound, pediatric imaging, interventional techniques, and nuclear radiology. Full-color images, updated content, new self-assessment tools, and dynamic online resources make this four-volume text ideal for reference and review.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

List of Universal Abbreviations

SECTION I. BASIC PRINCIPLES

1 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING METHODS

CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY

CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Ultrasonography

RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST AGENTS

Iodinated Contrast Agents

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Intravascular Contrast Agents

Gastrointestinal Contrast Agents

Ultrasound Intravascular Contrast Agents

RADIATION RISK AND ENSURING PATIENT SAFETY

RADIOLOGY REPORTING

Suggested Readings

SECTION II. NEURORADIOLOGY

2 INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN IMAGING

LOOKING AT THE BRAIN

CURRENT NEUROIMAGING OPTIONS

IMAGING STRATEGY FOR COMMON CLINICAL SYNDROMES

ANALYSIS OF THE ABNORMALITY

Suggested Readings

3 CRANIOFACIAL TRAUMA

HEAD TRAUMA

Imaging Strategy

Scalp Injury

Skull Fractures

Temporal Bone Fractures

Head Injury Classification

Primary Head Injury: Extra-Axial

Primary Head Injury: Intra-Axial

Secondary Head Injury

Brainstem Injury

Penetrating Trauma

Predicting Outcome After Acute Head Trauma

Child Abuse

FACIAL TRAUMA

Imaging Strategy

Soft Tissue Findings

Nasal Fractures

Maxillary and Paranasal Sinus Fractures

Orbital Trauma

Fractures of the Zygoma

Fractures of the Midface (Le Fort Fractures)

Nasoethmoidal Fractures

Mandibular Fractures

References

Suggested Readings

4 CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

ISCHEMIC STROKE

Pathophysiologic Basis for Imaging Changes

Imaging Triage for Emergency Stroke Intervention

Hemorrhagic Transformation of Infarction

Use of Contrast in Ischemic Stroke

Pattern Recognition in Ischemic Stroke

Anterior (Carotid) Circulation

Posterior (Vertebrobasilar) Circulation

Watershed (Borderzone) Infarction

Small Vessel Ischemia

Venous Infarction

HEMORRHAGE

Imaging of Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Parenchymal Hemorrhage

Primary Hemorrhage Versus Hemorrhagic Neoplasm

Suggested Readings

5 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS AND TUMOR-LIKE MASSES

TUMOR CLASSIFICATION

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

NEUROIMAGING PROTOCOL

NEUROIMAGING ANALYSIS

POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING

FOLLOW-UP IMAGING

SPECIFIC NEOPLASMS

Intra-Axial Tumors: Glial

Intra-Axial Tumors: Nonglial

Intra-Axial Tumors: Nonneuroepithelial

Extra-Axial Tumors

Pineal Region Masses

Sellar Region Masses

Masses of Developmental Origin

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6 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS

CONGENITAL INFECTIONS

EXTRA-AXIAL INFECTIONS

Subdural and Epidural Infections

Meningitis

PARENCHYMAL INFECTIONS

Pyogenic Cerebritis and Abscess

Mycobacterial Infections

Fungal Infections

Parasitic Infections

Spirochete Infections

Viral Infections

Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME–RELATED INFECTIONS

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7 WHITE MATTER AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

DEMYELINATING DISEASES

Primary Demyelination

Ischemic Demyelination

Infection-Related Demyelination

Toxic and Metabolic Demyelination

DYSMYELINATING DISEASES

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DYNAMICS

NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

Suggested Readings

8 HEAD AND NECK IMAGING

PARANASAL SINUSES AND NASAL CAVITY

SKULL BASE

Tumors of the Skull Base

Temporal Bone

SUPRAHYOID HEAD AND NECK

Superficial Mucosal Space

Parapharyngeal Space

Carotid Space

Parotid Space

Masticator Space

Retropharyngeal Space

Prevertebral Space

Trans-Spatial Diseases

LYMPH NODES

ORBIT

CONGENITAL LESIONS

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9 SPINE IMAGING

COMMON CLINICAL SYNDROMES

IMAGING METHODS

INFLAMMATION

INFECTION

Pyogenic Infections

Nonpyogenic Infections

NEOPLASMS

Intramedullary Masses

Intradural-Extramedullary Masses

Extradural Masses

VASCULAR DISEASES

TRAUMA

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE SPINE

Imaging Methods

Disc Disease

Disc Herniation Location

SPINAL STENOSIS

POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES

Bony Abnormalities

Suggested Readings

SECTION III. CHEST

10 METHODS OF EXAMINATION, NORMAL ANATOMY, AND RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF CHEST DISEASE

IMAGING MODALITIES

NORMAL CHEST ANATOMY

Frontal Chest Radiograph

Lateral Chest Radiograph

Anatomy of the Normal Mediastinum

Normal Hilar Anatomy

Pleural Anatomy

Chest Wall Anatomy

Diaphragmatic Anatomy

RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN CHEST DISEASE

Pulmonary Opacity

Pulmonary Lucency

Mediastinal Masses

Mediastinal Widening

Pneumomediastinum and Pneumopericardium

Hilar Disease

Pleural Effusion

Pneumothorax

Localized Pleural Thickening

Diffuse Pleural Thickening

Pleural and Extrapleural Lesions

Chest Wall Lesions

Diaphragmatic Abnormalities

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11 MEDIASTINUM AND HILA

MEDIASTINAL MASSES

Anterior (Prevascular) Mediastinal Masses (Table 11.2)

Middle (Visceral) Mediastinal Masses (Table 11.3)

Posterior (Paravertebral) Mediastinal Masses (Table 11.5)

DIFFUSE MEDIASTINAL DISEASE (TABLE 11.6)

THE HILA

Unilateral Hilar Enlargement/Increased Density (Table 11.8)

Bilateral Hilar Enlargement

Small Hila

Suggested Readings

12 PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE

PULMONARY EDEMA

PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE AND VASCULITIS

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Suggested Readings

13 PULMONARY NEOPLASMS AND NEOPLASTIC-LIKE CONDITIONS

THE SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE

Lesions Presenting as SPNs

LUNG TUMORS

Lung Cancer

NONEPITHELIAL LUNG TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS

TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL MASSES

METASTATIC DISEASE TO THE THORAX

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14 PULMONARY INFECTION

INFECTION IN THE NORMAL HOST

Bacterial Pneumonia

Viral Pneumonia

Fungal Pneumonia

Parasitic Infection

COMPLICATIONS OF PULMONARY INFECTION

INFECTION IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST

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15 DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE

THIN-SECTION CT OF THE PULMONARY INTERSTITIUM

Thin-Section CT Signs of Disease

CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE

Chronic Interstitial Pulmonary Edema

Connective Tissue Disease

Idiopathic Chronic Interstitial Pneumonias

Chronic Fibrosing Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Smoking-Related Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Acute or Subacute Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Rare Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias

Unclassifiable Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia

Other Chronic Interstitial Lung Diseases

INHALATIONAL DISEASE

Pneumoconiosis

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES

Sarcoidosis

Berylliosis

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of Lung

Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis

EOSINOPHILIC LUNG DISEASE

Idiopathic Eosinophilic Lung Disease

Eosinophilic Lung Disease of Identifiable Etiology

Eosinophilic Lung Disease Associated With Autoimmune Diseases

DRUG-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE

Specific Agents (Table 15.11)

MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS

References and Suggested Readings

16 AIRWAYS DISEASE AND EMPHYSEMA

INTRODUCTION

TRACHEA AND CENTRAL BRONCHI

Congenital Tracheal and Bronchial Anomalies

Focal Tracheal Disease

Diffuse Tracheal Disease

Tracheal and Bronchial Injury

Broncholithiasis

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis

Bronchiectasis

Emphysema

BULLOUS LUNG DISEASE

SMALL AIRWAYS DISEASE

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17 PLEURA, CHEST WALL, DIAPHRAGM, AND MISCELLANEOUS CHEST DISORDERS

PLEURA

Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology

Pleural Effusion

Bronchopleural Fistula

Pneumothorax

Focal Pleural Disease

Diffuse Pleural Disease

Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease

CHEST WALL

Soft Tissues

The Bony Thorax

DIAPHRAGM

CONGENITAL LUNG DISEASE IN ADULTS

TRAUMATIC LUNG DISEASE

ASPIRATION

RADIATION-INDUCED LUNG DISEASE

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SECTION IV. BREAST RADIOLOGY

18 NORMAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY

OVERVIEW

SKIN

NIPPLE–AREOLAR COMPLEX

SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

MILK DUCTS AND LOBULES

STROMA

CHEST WALL

MALE BREAST

LYMPHATICS

BLOOD SUPPLY

EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT

CHANGES OVER TIME: PREGNANCY, LACTATION, AND MENOPAUSE

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER

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19 IMAGING THE SCREENING PATIENT

INTRODUCTION

SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER

Support for Screening

Screening Guidelines

TECHNICAL FACTORS IN SCREENING

Mammography Physics

Radiation Risk

Positioning of Screening Mammography

Image Quality

BREAST IMPLANTS

Implant Types

Implant Rupture

TOMOSYNTHESIS

INTERPRETING THE MAMMOGRAM

Maximizing Your Interpretation

Breast Density

THE USE OF OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES FOR BREAST CANCER SCREENING

Screening Breast Ultrasound

Functional Imaging

CONCLUSION

Suggested Readings

20 IMAGING THE DIAGNOSTIC PATIENT

INTRODUCTION

DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY

Spot Compression Views

Magnification Views

True Lateral and Rolled CC Views

Tomosynthesis

Ultrasound

EVALUATION OF THE SYMPTOMATIC PATIENT

Palpable Breast Mass

Breast Pain

Nipple Discharge

Inflammation of the Breast

Paget Disease

Axillary Adenopathy

THE MALE BREAST

ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION

BREAST CANCER STAGING

POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE

CONCLUSION

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21 BREAST IMAGING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

MAMMOGRAPHY LEXICON

Breast Composition

Masses

Calcifications

Architectural Distortion

Asymmetries

Associated Features

ULTRASOUND LEXICON

MRI LEXICON

REPORTING

FOLLOW-UP AND OUTCOME MONITORING

Statistical Terms

Medical Audit

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22 BREAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

INTRODUCTION TO MRI

INDICATIONS

Screening

Extent of Disease

Metastatic Disease With Suspected Breast Primary

Nipple Discharge

Biopsy Planning

Implant Evaluation

TECHNIQUE

Imaging Parameters

Kinetics

Artifacts

INTERPRETATION

Background Parenchymal Enhancement and Fibroglandular Tissue

Findings

WORKUP OF ABNORMAL MRI

RISKS OF MRI

FUTURE OF MR IMAGING

CONCLUSION

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23 IMAGE-GUIDED BREAST PROCEDURES

INTRODUCTION TO BREAST BIOPSIES

BREAST BIOPSY

Indications

Needle Types

Guidance

Biopsy Markers

Complications

Radiology–Pathology Concordance

Follow-Up After Benign Biopsy

LOCALIZATION

Indications

Localization Devices

Guidance

Specimen Radiograph

GALACTOGRAPHY

CONCLUSION

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SECTION V. CARDIAC RADIOLOGY

24 INTRODUCTION TO CARDIAC ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES

INTRODUCTION

CARDIAC ANATOMY

CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY

IMAGING TECHNIQUES

Chest Radiography

Echocardiography

Nuclear Imaging

Cardiac CT

Cardiac MRI

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25 CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES AND DISEASE

CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY

Left Main Coronary Artery

Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

Left Circumflex Coronary Artery

Ramus Intermedius

Right Coronary Artery

Posterior Descending Artery

Posterior Left Ventricular Branch

Conus Branch

Sinoatrial Nodal Branch

Atrioventricular Nodal Branch

CORONARY ARTERY ANOMALIES

ABNORMALITIES IN ORIGIN

Abnormalities in Origin, Benign

Abnormalities in Origin, Possibly Malignant

ABNORMALITIES IN COURSE

Myocardial Bridging

Intracavitary Course

Split (Double) Coronary Artery

ABNORMALITIES IN TERMINATION

Coronary Fistula

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Coronary Artery Calcification

Coronary Plaque and Remodeling

MRI IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

MR Imaging of the Coronary Arteries

MR Assessment of the Myocardium in Coronary Artery Disease

TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Coronary Stents

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts

CORONARY ARTERY ANEURYSM AND PSEUDOANEURYSM

CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION

MECHANICAL COMPLICATIONS OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

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26 CARDIAC MASSES

INTRODUCTION

IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND PROTOCOLS

Echocardiography

Cross-Sectional Imaging

BENIGN CARDIAC TUMORS

MALIGNANT CARDIAC TUMORS

Metastatic Disease

Tumorlike Lesions

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27 VALVULAR DISEASE

VALVE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

IMAGING EVALUATION OF VALVE DISEASE

Echocardiography

Radiography and CT

Cardiac MRI

Phase-Contrast MRI

Quantification of Ventricular Stroke Volume

AORTIC VALVE

Congenital Aortic Valve Disease

Acquired Aortic Valve Disease

Aortic Stenosis

Aortic Regurgitation

MITRAL VALVE

Congenital Mitral Valve Disease

Acquired Mitral Valve Disease

TRICUSPID VALVE

Congenital Tricuspid Valve Disease

PULMONARY VALVE

Pulmonary Stenosis

Pulmonary Regurgitation

ACQUIRED DISEASES OF MULTIPLE VALVES

Infective Endocarditis

Nonbacterial Endocarditis

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Carcinoid Valve Disease

POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING VALVE SURGERY

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28 NONISCHEMIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

FABRY DISEASE

CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS

LOEFFLER ENDOCARDITIS

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHIES

ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY

MYOCARDITIS

CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS

LEFT VENTRICULAR NONCOMPACTION

STRESS-INDUCED (TAKOTSUBO) CARDIOMYOPATHY

IRON OVERLOAD CARDIOMYOPATHY

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29 IMAGING OF THE PERICARDIUM

ANATOMY AND NORMAL APPEARANCE ON IMAGING

Pericardial Sinuses and Recesses

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PERICARDIUM

Pericardial Cyst

Pericardial Defect

ACQUIRED PERICARDIAL DISEASES

Pericardial Effusion

Pericardial Tamponade

INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM

Acute Pericarditis

Fibrous Pericarditis

Constrictive Pericarditis

Epipericardial Fat Pad Necrosis

PERICARDIAL TUMORS

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30 THORACIC AORTA

AORTIC ROOT ANATOMY AND VARIANTS

Aortic Valve

ASCENDING AORTA

AORTIC ARCH ANATOMY AND VARIANTS

Left Arch Variants

Right Arch Variants

Double Aortic Arch

Cervical Aortic Arch

Interrupted Aortic Arch

Circumflex Aorta

Descending Thoracic Aorta

AORTIC COARCTATION

Pseudocoarctation

ATHEROMA

ANEURYSM

Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

Ascending Thoracic Aorta and Aortic Arch Aneurysms

Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

ACUTE AORTIC SYNDROME

Aortic Dissection

Intramural Hematoma

Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer

AORTIC PSEUDOANEURYSM

AORTIC FISTULAS

ACUTE TRAUMATIC AORTIC INJURY

POSTOPERATIVE AORTA

Complications

Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair

AORTITIS

AORTIC TUMORS

CONCLUSION

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SECTION VI. VASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY

31 MEDICATIONS IN INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

MODERATE SEDATION (TABLE 31.1)

Benzodiazepines

Opioids

ANTIBIOTICS (TABLE 31.4)

VASODILATORS AND VASOCONSTRICTORS (TABLE 31.6)

Vasodilators

Vasoconstrictors

ANTICOAGULANTS (TABLE 31.7)

Heparin

Warfarin (Coumadin®)

New Direct Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs)

ANTIPLATELETS (TABLE 31.8)

Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors (NSAIDs)

Thienopyridines

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

THROMBOLYTICS (TABLE 31.9)

Alteplase (Activase®)

Reteplase (Retavase®)

Tenecteplase (TNKase®)

PROTHROMBOTICS (TABLE 31.10)

ADJUNCT MEDICATIONS (TABLE 31.11)

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Ondansetron (Zofran®)

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®, Dramin®)

Glucagon

Meperidine (Demerol®)

Lidocaine

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32A BASICS OF ANGIOGRAPHY AND ARTERIAL DISEASE – (ANGIOGRAPHY)

HISTORY OF ANGIOGRAPHY

THE X-RAY PHOTON

ANGIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST AGENTS

THE CONTRAST INJECTOR

GUIDEWIRE USE AND CONSTRUCTION

SELECTING THE “RIGHT” CATHETER

CATHETER-BASED ARTERIOGRAPHY

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32B PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE

INTRODUCTION

RISK FACTORS

PATHOGENESIS

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

History

Physical Examination

IMAGING WORKUP

Vascular Doppler Ultrasound

Ankle–Brachial Index and Pulse Volume Recording

Computed Tomography Angiography

Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Digital Subtraction Angiography

CLASSIFICATION OF PAD AND MEDICAL DECISION MAKING

INTERVENTIONS

OTHER PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISORDERS

Acute Limb Ischemia

Vasospasm

Cystic Adventitial Disease

Mönckeberg Medial Sclerosis (MMS)

Buerger Disease

Impingement Syndromes

Inherited Disorders of the Vessel Wall

Acquired Disorders of the Arterial Wall

AVF/Pseudoaneurysm

SUMMARY

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33 CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS

BACKGROUND

ELUCIDATING THE TYPES OF CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERS

Nontunneled Central Venous Catheter

Tunneled Central Venous Catheter

Totally Implantable Central Venous Catheters (Ports)

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter

VENIPUNCTURE TECHNIQUE AND RELEVANT ANATOMY

Internal Jugular Vein Approach

Subclavian Vein Approach

Femoral Vein Approach

POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS

Mechanical Complications

Infection

Occlusion

DEVICE SELECTION

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34 CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE AND DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

LOWER EXTREMITY VENOUS DISEASE

Introduction

Anatomy

SUPERFICIAL VENOUS DISEASE

Pathophysiology

Clinical Evaluation and Patient Selection

Imaging Evaluation

Treatment

DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS

Pathophysiology

Clinical Evaluation and Patient Selection

Imaging Evaluation

Treatment

CHRONIC VENOUS DISEASE

Pathophysiology

Clinical Evaluation and Patient Selection

Imaging Evaluation

Treatment

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35 PULMONARY EMBOLISM

INTRODUCTION

PATIENT EVALUATION AND RISK STRATIFICATION

MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Management of Acute Low-Risk PE

Management of Acute Massive (High-Risk) PE

Management of Acute Submassive (Intermediate-Risk) PE

CATHETER-DIRECTED THERAPY FOR ACUTE PE

Contraindications

Procedure Preparation

Percutaneous Catheter-Directed Therapy for Massive PE

Percutaneous Catheter-Directed Therapy for Submassive PE

Postprocedural Management and Follow-Up Care

IVC FILTERS

Indications for IVC Filter Placement

Contraindications

Technique

Complications

Follow-Up Care

Filter Retrieval

SUMMARY

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36C GASTROINTESTINAL INTERVENTIONS

MESENTERIC ANGIOGRAPHY AND INTERVENTION

Anatomy

GI Hemorrhage

Upper GI Hemorrhage

Lower GI Hemorrhage

Mesenteric Ischemia

Mesenteric Aneurysms

Mesenteric Trauma

BILIARY INTERVENTIONS

Percutaneous Biliary Drainage

Percutaneous Cholecystostomy

PERCUTANEOUS ABSCESS DRAINAGE

ENTERIC ACCESS

Gastrostomy Tube Placement

Gastrojejunostomy

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36B GENITOURINARY INTERVENTIONS

UTERINE ARTERY EMBOLIZATION

Adenomyosis

RENAL INTERVENTIONS—PERCUTANEOUS

Nephroureterostomy and Ureteral Stent

RENAL INTERVENTIONS—VASCULAR

Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal Angiomyolipoma

PROSTATE ARTERY EMBOLIZATION

Suggested Readings

37A PORTAL HYPERTENSION

PORTAL HYPERTENSION BACKGROUND

Definition of Portal Hypertension

Etiology of Portal Hypertension and Cirrhosis

Complications of Portal Hypertension

PORTAL VENOUS AND PORTOSYSTEMIC COLLATERAL ANATOMY

Portal Venous Anatomy

Gastroesophageal Varices

Gastric Varices

MANAGEMENT OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION AND COMPLICATIONS

Portosystemic Shunt Creation

TIPS Technique and Surveillance

TIPS Outcomes

Venous Recanalization

Variceal Occlusion

BRTO Technique

BRTO Outcomes

Ascites Drainage

Partial Splenic Embolization

Suggested Readings

37B INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF POST LIVER AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF LIVER AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANT SURGICAL TECHNIQUES

Liver Transplantation

Kidney Transplantation

VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS

Hepatic Inflow

Renal Inflow

Hepatic Outflow

Renal Outflow

BILIARY COMPLICATIONS

Biliary Leak

Biliary Obstruction

URINARY COMPLICATIONS

Urine Leak

Urinary Obstruction

EXTRINSIC COMPLICATIONS

Abdominal Fluid Collections

INTRINSIC COMPLICATIONS

CONCLUSION

Suggested Readings

38 IMAGE-GUIDED NEEDLE BIOPSIES AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE

INTRODUCTION

IMAGE-GUIDED NEEDLE BIOPSIES: MODALITIES AND EQUIPMENT

PREPROCEDURE CLINICAL EVALUATION

TECHNIQUE

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsy

Computed Tomography–Guided Needle Biopsy

Sampling

ORGAN-BASED CONSIDERATIONS

Thyroid

Lung, Pleural and Anterior Mediastinal Biopsy

Abdomen and Pelvis

Musculoskeletal System

SAMPLE ADEQUACY AND ANALYSIS

CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF BIOMARKERS

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCEPTS

References

39 INTERVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT OF HEPATIC MALIGNANCIES: GENERAL CONCEPTS FROM ANATOMY TO PRACTICE

INTRODUCTION

VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE LIVER

Segmental Liver Anatomy

Hepatic Arterial Anatomy and Special Considerations for Intra-Arterial Therapy

INTRA-ARTERIAL THERAPIES

Transarterial Chemoembolization

Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) or Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT)

PERCUTANEOUS THERAPIES (TABLE 39.4)

Chemical Ablation

Energy-Based Ablation

PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSING TREATMENT RESPONSE

CONCLUSION

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SECTION VII. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

40 ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

IMAGING METHODS

COMPARTMENTAL ANATOMY OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

FLUID IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITY

PNEUMOPERITONEUM

ABDOMINAL CALCIFICATIONS

ACUTE ABDOMEN

SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION

LARGE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION

BOWEL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION

ABDOMINAL TRAUMA

LYMPHADENOPATHY

ABDOMINOPELVIC TUMORS AND MASSES

HERNIAS OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL

HIV AND AIDS IN THE ABDOMEN

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41 LIVER, BILIARY TREE, AND GALLBLADDER

LIVER

Anatomy

Diffuse Liver Disease

Liver Masses

BILIARY TREE

Biliary Dilatation

Gas in the Biliary Tract

GALLBLADDER

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42 PANCREAS AND SPLEEN

PANCREAS

Imaging Techniques

Anatomy

Pancreatitis

Solid Lesions of the Pancreas

Cystic Lesions of the Pancreas

SPLEEN

Imaging Techniques

Anatomy

Solid Lesions of the Spleen

Cystic Lesions of the Spleen

Suggested Readings

43 PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS

IMAGING METHODS

ANATOMY

NORMAL SWALLOWING AND MOTILITY

MOTILITY DISORDERS

OUTPOUCHINGS

ESOPHAGITIS

ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURE

ENLARGED ESOPHAGEAL FOLDS

MASS LESIONS/FILLING DEFECTS

ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION AND TRAUMA

Suggested Readings

44 STOMACH AND DUODENUM

IMAGING METHODS

ANATOMY

STOMACH

Helicobacter pylori Infection

Gastric Mass Lesions/Filling Defects

Thickened Gastric Folds/Thickened Wall

Gastric Ulcers

DUODENUM

Duodenal Mass Lesions/Filling Defects

Thickened Duodenal Folds

Duodenal Ulcers and Diverticuli

Duodenal Narrowing

Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Suggested Readings

45 MESENTERIC SMALL BOWEL

IMAGING METHODS

ANATOMY

SMALL BOWEL FILLING DEFECTS/MASS LESIONS

MESENTERIC MASSES

DIFFUSE SMALL BOWEL DISEASE

SMALL BOWEL EROSIONS AND ULCERATIONS

SMALL BOWEL DIVERTICULA

Suggested Readings

46 COLON AND APPENDIX

COLON

Imaging Methods

Anatomy

Colon Polyps and Mass Lesions

Colon Inflammatory Disease

Diverticular Disease

Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

APPENDIX

Imaging Methods

Anatomy

Acute Appendicitis

Mucocele of the Appendix

Appendiceal Tumors

Suggested Readings

SECTION VIII. GENITOURINARY TRACT

47 ADRENAL GLANDS AND KIDNEYS

ADRENAL GLANDS

Imaging Methods

Anatomy

The Incidental Adrenal Mass

Adrenal Endocrine Syndromes

Benign Adrenal Lesions

Malignant Adrenal Lesions

KIDNEYS

Imaging Methods

Anatomy

Congenital Renal Anomalies

Solid Renal Masses

Cystic Renal Masses

Renal Cystic Disease

Renal Vascular Diseases

Renal Infections

Renal Parenchymal Disease

Nephrocalcinosis

Suggested Readings

48 PELVICALYCEAL SYSTEM, URETERS, BLADDER, AND URETHRA

PELVICALYCEAL SYSTEM AND URETER

Imaging Methods

Anatomy

Congenital Anomalies

Renal Stone Disease

Hydronephrosis

Mass or Filling Defect in Pelvicalyceal System or Ureter

Stricture of Pelvicalyceal System or Ureter

Papillary Cavities

BLADDER

Imaging Methods

Anatomy and Anomalies

Thickened Bladder Wall/Small Bladder Capacity

Calcified Bladder Wall

Bladder Wall Mass or Filling Defect

Bladder Outpouchings and Fistulas

Bladder Trauma

URETHRA

Imaging Methods

Anatomy

Pathology

Suggested Readings

49 GENITAL TRACT—CT, MR, AND RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING

FEMALE GENITAL TRACT

Anatomy

Congenital Anomalies

Benign Conditions

Gynecologic Malignancy

MALE GENITAL TRACT

Testes and Scrotum

Prostate

Seminal Vesicles

Penis

Suggested Readings

SECTION IX. ULTRASONOGRAPHY

50 ABDOMEN ULTRASOUND

PERITONEAL CAVITY

RETROPERITONEUM

LIVER

BILE DUCTS

GALLBLADDER

SPLEEN

PANCREAS

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

ADRENAL GLANDS

KIDNEYS

Suggested Readings

51 GENITAL TRACT AND BLADDER ULTRASOUND

FEMALE GENITAL TRACT

Uterus

Ovaries and Adnexa

MALE GENITAL TRACT

Testes and Scrotum

Prostate

BLADDER

Suggested Readings

52 OBSTETRIC ULTRASOUND

FIRST TRIMESTER

Normal Early Pregnancy

Problematic Early Pregnancy

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

FETAL MEASUREMENTS AND GROWTH

THE FETAL ENVIRONMENT

Uterus and Adnexa in Pregnancy

Placenta and Membranes

Amniotic Fluid

Multiple Pregnancy

FETAL ANOMALIES

General

Central Nervous System, Face, and Neck

Chest and Heart

Abdomen

Skeleton

Suggested Readings

53 CHEST, THYROID, PARATHYROID, AND NEONATAL BRAIN ULTRASOUND

CHEST

Pleural Space

Lung Parenchyma

Mediastinum

THYROID

Thyroid Nodules

Benign Thyroid Nodules

Malignant Thyroid Nodules

Diffuse Thyroid Disease

PARATHYROID

Hyperparathyroidism

NEONATAL NEUROSONOGRAPHY

Hypoxic–Ischemic Brain Injury

Infection

Congenital Brain Abnormalities

Suggested Readings

54 VASCULAR ULTRASOUND

DOPPLER BASICS

CAROTID ULTRASOUND

ABDOMINAL VESSELS

Anatomy

Pathology

PERIPHERAL ARTERIES

VENOUS ULTRASOUND

Lower Extremity

Upper Extremity

Suggested Readings

SECTION X. MUSCULOSKELETAL RADIOLOGY

55 BENIGN LUCENT BONE LESIONS

FEGNOMASHIC

FIBROUS DYSPLASIA

ENCHONDROMA

EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA

GIANT CELL TUMOR

NONOSSIFYING FIBROMA

OSTEOBLASTOMA

METASTATIC DISEASE AND MYELOMA

ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST

SOLITARY BONE CYST

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM (BROWN TUMORS)

HEMANGIOMAS

INFECTION

CHONDROBLASTOMA

CHONDROMYXOID FIBROMA

SUMMARY

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF A SCLEROTIC LESION

Suggested Readings

56 MALIGNANT BONE AND SOFT TISSUE TUMORS

RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS

Cortical Destruction

Periostitis

Orientation or Axis of the Lesion

Zone of Transition

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

TUMORS

Osteosarcoma

Parosteal Osteosarcoma

Ewing Sarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Malignant Giant Cell Tumor

Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma—Formerly Called Fibrosarcoma

Desmoid Tumor

Primary Lymphoma of Bone (Formerly Called Reticulum Cell Sarcoma)

Metastatic Disease

Myeloma

Soft Tissue Tumors

Suggested Readings

57 SKELETAL TRAUMA

SPINE

HAND AND WRIST

ARM

PELVIS

LEG

Suggested Readings

58 ARTHRITIS

OSTEOARTHRITIS

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

HLA-B27 SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES

CRYSTAL-INDUCED ARTHRITIS

Gout

Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease—CPPD)

COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASES

SARCOIDOSIS

HEMOCHROMATOSIS

NEUROPATHIC OR CHARCOT JOINT

HEMOPHILIA, JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, AND PARALYSIS

SYNOVIAL CHONDROMATOSIS

PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS

SUDECK ATROPHY

JOINT EFFUSIONS

AVASCULAR NECROSIS

Suggested Readings

59 METABOLIC BONE DISEASE

OSTEOPOROSIS

OSTEOMALACIA

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND PSEUDOPSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM

PITUITARY GLAND HYPERFUNCTION

THYROID GLAND HYPERFUNCTION

THYROID GLAND HYPOFUNCTION

OSTEOSCLEROSIS

Renal Osteodystrophy

Sickle Cell Disease

Myelofibrosis

Osteopetrosis

Pyknodysostosis

Metastatic Carcinoma

Mastocytosis

Paget’s Disease

Athletes

Fluorosis

SUMMARY

Suggested Readings

60 SKELETAL “DON’T TOUCH” LESIONS

POSTTRAUMATIC LESIONS

NORMAL VARIANTS

OBVIOUSLY BENIGN LESIONS

CONCLUSION

Suggested Readings

61 MISCELLANEOUS BONE LESIONS

ACHONDROPLASIA

AVASCULAR NECROSIS (OSTEONECROSIS)

HYPERTROPHIC PULMONARY OSTEOARTHROPATHY

MELORHEOSTOSIS

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES (MORQUIO, HURLER, AND HUNTER SYNDROMES)

MULTIPLE HEREDITARY EXOSTOSES

OSTEOID OSTEOMA

OSTEOPATHIA STRIATA

OSTEOPOIKILOSIS

PACHYDERMOPERIOSTOSIS

SARCOIDOSIS

TRANSIENT OSTEOPOROSIS OF THE HIP

Suggested Readings

62 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE KNEE

TECHNIQUE

MENISCI

CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS

COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS

PATELLA

BONY ABNORMALITIES

BURSAE

Suggested Readings

63 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE SHOULDER

ANATOMY

ROTATOR CUFF

BONY ABNORMALITIES

GLENOID LABRUM

BICEPS TENDON

SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE ENTRAPMENT

QUADRILATERAL SPACE SYNDROME

PARSONAGE–TURNER SYNDROME

References and Suggested Readings

64 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE

TENDONS

Achilles Tendon

Posterior Tibial Tendon

Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon

Peroneal Tendons

AVASCULAR NECROSIS

TUMORS

LIGAMENTS

BONY ABNORMALITIES

References and Suggested Readings

SECTION XI. PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY

65 IMAGING CHILDREN—WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

WORKING WITH CHILDREN IN THE RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

RADIATION RISK

SEDATION AND ANESTHESIA

CONTRAST MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS

MODALITY-SPECIFIC SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PEDIATRIC IMAGING

Radiographs

Fluoroscopy

Ultrasound

Nuclear Medicine

MRI

CT

Suggested Readings

66 PEDIATRIC NEURORADIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

ABNORMALITIES OF MIDLINE DEVELOPMENT

POSTERIOR FOSSA MALFORMATIONS

Dandy–Walker Continuum

MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT

NEONATAL ENCEPHALOPATHY

Malformations

Periventricular Leukomalacia

Deep Nuclear Injury

Diffuse and Peripheral Injury

THE PHAKOMATOSES

PEDIATRIC SPINE

Congenital Spinal Malformations

Myelomeningocele and Myelocele

Lipomyelomeningocele, Lipomyelocele, and Intradural Lipoma

Dorsal Dermal Sinus

Caudal Regression Syndrome

Myelocystocele

Split Cord Malformations

Tethered Cord Syndrome

Syringomyelia

Scoliosis

Suggested Readings

67 PEDIATRIC CHEST

INTRODUCTION

THE PEDIATRIC CHEST RADIOGRAPH

The Heart

The Thymus

The Lungs

The Trachea

THE NEONATAL CHEST

Neonatal Lung Disease

Airleak

Support Equipment in Neonates

CONGENITAL LUNG MALFORMATIONS

Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation

Sequestration

Foregut Duplication Cysts

Congenital Lobar Overinflation

Other Congenital Parenchymal Abnormalities

Congenital Anomalies of the Trachea and Bronchi

PULMONARY INFECTION

Pneumonia in Children

Specific Etiologies of Pneumonia in Children

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

LUNG MASSES

Lung Nodules and Cysts

Mediastinal Lesions

CHEST WALL

DIFFUSE (INTERSTITIAL) LUNG DISEASE

SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE LUNG

Immunodeficiencies

Cystic Fibrosis

Sickle Cell Disease

Rheumatoid/Collagen Vascular Disease

LUNG TRAUMA

Pneumomediastinum

Blunt Force Trauma

THE UPPER AIRWAY

Evaluating the Upper Airway

Upper Airway Infection

Bacterial Tracheitis

Epiglottitis

Retropharyngeal Abscess

Laryngomalacia

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Suggested Readings

68 CONGENITAL AND PEDIATRIC HEART DISEASE

PULMONARY VASCULARITY

Cardiac and Mediastinal Contours

ACYANOTIC HEART DISEASE WITH INCREASED PULMONARY VASCULARITY

CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE WITH INCREASED PULMONARY VASCULARITY

DECREASED PULMONARY VASCULARITY

NORMAL PULMONARY VASCULARITY

CARDIAC MALPOSITIONS

SUMMARY

Suggested Readings

69 ABDOMEN

OBSTRUCTION—GENERAL

OBSTRUCTION—CONGENITAL

Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Duodenal Obstruction

Small Bowel Obstruction

Colonic Obstruction

OBSTRUCTION—ACQUIRED

Esophageal Obstruction

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Small Bowel Obstruction

INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Appendicitis

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

HEPATOBILIARY

Congenital Hepatobiliary Disorders

GENITOURINARY

Renal Fusion and Migration Anomalies

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

Duplex Kidney and Collecting System Duplication

Antenatal/Perinatal Hydronephrosis

Febrile Urinary Tract Infection

Posterior Urethral Valves

Gonadal Torsion

ABDOMINOPELVIC TUMORS

Neuroblastoma

Renal Tumors

Liver Tumors

Lymphoma

Suggested Readings

70 PEDIATRIC MSK

INTRODUCTION

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMATURE SKELETON

Bone Composition

MR Appearance of Bone

ACCIDENTAL TRAUMA

Fractures

Fractures Unique to Children

Osteochondral Injuries

Osteochondroses

NONACCIDENTAL TRAUMA

INFECTION

Acute Osteomyelitis

Septic Arthritis and Toxic Synovitis

BONE LESIONS

Benign Bone Lesions

Malignant Bone Tumors

SOFT TISSUE LESIONS

Hemangiomas

Fibromatosis Colli

CONSTITUTIONAL DISORDERS OF BONE

Skeletal Dysplasias

Caffey Disease

Neurofibromatosis

METABOLIC BONE DISEASE

Rickets

Scurvy

Lead Poisoning

CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BONE AND JOINT DISORDERS

Lower Limb

Upper Limb

Amniotic Band Syndrome

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Hemophilic Arthropathy

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis

HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES

Sickle Cell Disease

β-Thalassemia

Suggested Readings

SECTION XII. NUCLEAR RADIOLOGY

71A INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR MEDICINE

INTRODUCTION

IMAGING PRINCIPLES

RADIOTHERAPY

AN APPROACH TO IMAGE INTERPRETATION

SECTION OVERVIEW

71B ESSENTIAL SCIENCE OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE

RELEVANT ASPECTS OF RADIATION PHYSICS

RADIATION SAFETY

RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

IMAGING SYSTEMS AND RADIATION DETECTORS

Gamma Camera Quality Control

PET Scanner Quality Control

Nonimaging Detector Systems

Suggested Readings

72A GASTROINTESTINAL, LIVER–SPLEEN, AND HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY

GASTROINTESTINAL STUDIES

ESOPHAGEAL IMAGING

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX

GASTRIC EMPTYING

GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING SCINTIGRAPHY

MECKEL SCAN

LIVER AND SPLEEN STUDIES

Liver/Spleen Scan

Heat-Damaged Red Blood Cell Scan for Splenic Tissue

HEPATOBILIARY IMAGING

HEPATIC BLOOD POOL SCINTIGRAPHY

Suggested Readings

72B PULMONARY SCINTIGRAPHY

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

VENTILATION LUNG SCAN

Radiopharmaceuticals

Ventilation Scan Technique

PERFUSION LUNG SCAN

Radiopharmaceuticals

Perfusion Scan Technique

V/Q SCANS

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

V/Q Scan Interpretation

Nonthromboembolic Pulmonary Disease

Suggested Readings

72C SKELETAL SYSTEM SCINTIGRAPHY

TECHNIQUE

INTERPRETATION

F-18 NaF PET-CT

SYSTEMIC RADIONUCLIDE PALLIATIVE PAIN THERAPY

BONE MINERAL DENSITOMETRY

Suggested Readings

72D ENDOCRINE GLAND SCINTIGRAPHY

THYROID

Thyroid Nodules

Thyroid Cancer

PARATHYROID

ADRENAL

NEUROENDOCRINE

Suggested Readings

73 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM SCINTIGRAPHY

MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION SCANS

Technique

Radiopharmaceuticals

Interpretation

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

GATED BLOOD POOL SCANS

Technique

Interpretation

RIGHT VENTRICULAR STUDIES

First-Pass Function Studies

First-Pass Flow Studies

Suggested Readings

74 NUCLEAR BRAIN IMAGING

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AND SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Radiopharmaceuticals: Tc-99m HMPAO, Tc-99m ECD, and F-18 FDG

Interpretation

CEREBRAL PERFUSION IMAGING

PLANAR BRAIN IMAGING

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID STUDIES

Radiopharmaceuticals: In-111 DTPA, Tc-99m DTPA, and Tc-99m Pertechnetate

Suggested Readings

75 SCINTIGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION

GALLIUM-67

RADIOLABELED LEUKOCYTES

SPECT-CT

FLUORINE-18-FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

CONCLUSION

Suggested Readings

76 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

ONCOLOGIC PET IMAGING

PET IMAGING IN INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION

PITFALLS IN PET CT

EMERGING TRACERS

Suggested Readings

Index

 

An aparitie	1 Oct. 2018
Autor	KLEIN
Dimensiuni	21.59 x 7.11 x 28.19 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781496367389
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	1600